伊人久久大香线蕉综合bd高清,亚洲欧美日韩愉拍自拍美利坚,亚洲熟妇成人精品一区,欧美日本日韩,亚洲一码二码三码区别在哪

推薦專家

疾?。? 股骨頭壞死
開通的服務： 不限
醫(yī)生職稱： 不限
出診時間： 不限

股骨頭壞死科普知識 查看全部

談談股骨頭壞死（二）一、什么樣的外來因素會導致股骨頭壞死，也就是股骨頭內(nèi)骨細胞的非正常死亡激素、酒精和創(chuàng)傷（絕大數(shù)多是股骨頸骨折）是臨床觀察到的導致股骨頭壞死最常見的三大原因。教科書和文獻中還記載著一些少見的原因，如鐮狀細胞貧血、減壓?。ㄈ鐫撍?、飛行等），但本人門診還沒有遇到過，也許是因為不太認識的緣故。還有一些是自身免疫性疾病的患者，因為大多接受過糖皮質(zhì)激素的治療，所以也無法確定是自身免疫性疾病本身還是激素治療導致的股骨頭壞死。印象中，繼發(fā)股骨頭壞死的自身免疫病患者中，系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡似乎是最多見的。除了這些有比較明確原因的患者，還有少部分股骨頭壞死患者則找不到目前已知的病因。激素是導致股骨頭壞死的第一大病因。由于激素在國內(nèi)使用的廣泛性，包括必要的和不必要的，尤其是在國內(nèi)各種不規(guī)范醫(yī)療還普遍存在的現(xiàn)狀下，激素性股骨頭壞死的數(shù)量在國內(nèi)非常之多，估算年度新增病例數(shù)達10余萬例。激素性股骨頭壞死的患者人群中年輕人比例較高，十幾、二十幾歲的也有不少，這也給治療帶來了更大的挑戰(zhàn)。從股骨頭壞死這個疾病的角度來看，激素無疑是頭號殺手。但另一個事實也同樣存在，那就是從激素使用者的角度來看，大多數(shù)激素使用者并沒有發(fā)生股骨頭壞死。根據(jù)一些報道，激素使用后發(fā)生股骨頭壞死的概率大概是10-30%。因此，對于那些確實有必要使用激素治療的嚴重疾病，也不必因為股骨頭壞死這樣的并發(fā)癥而影響治療決策。自然，不必要的激素治療應該避免。激素使用后是否發(fā)生股骨頭壞死，教科書和一些文獻通常認為，與使用的劑量和時長相關。但臨床確實也見到一些股骨頭壞死患者只有非常短暫的激素使用史,比如因為蕁麻疹或者發(fā)熱什么的。再結(jié)合很多長時間、大劑量使用激素的患者并沒有發(fā)生股骨頭壞死的事實，因此我們推測激素使用與發(fā)生股骨頭壞死之間也可能存在的首先是一種“有”或“無”的關系，在“有”的群體里，才進一步存在壞死嚴重程度和激素使用劑量的相關性。酒精大概是導致股骨頭壞死的第二大病因。酒精性股骨頭壞死的患病人群大多為中年男性，具有喝酒頻率高，劑量大，年頭長的普遍特點。這一點與激素性股骨頭壞死有較大區(qū)別，酒精性股骨頭壞死與酒精攝入量之間存在更為明顯的劑量依賴關系，只有足夠劑量的酒精才可能導致股骨頭壞死的發(fā)生。飲酒者自然遠遠要多于激素使用者，因此雖然說酒精是導致股骨頭壞死的第二大病因，但飲酒者發(fā)生股骨頭壞死還是一個很小概率的事件，具體的發(fā)生率難以統(tǒng)計，相比激素使用后10-30%的發(fā)生率，酒精攝入者的股骨頭壞死發(fā)生率應該會小幾個數(shù)量級。對于長期大量飲用酒精的人群，比股骨頭壞死發(fā)生率更高、危害程度更大的并發(fā)癥還有很多，比如神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損害、消化系統(tǒng)損害等等。酒精愛好者當然也不用太在意這些，因為喝酒的目的從來也不是為了健康。創(chuàng)傷是導致股骨頭壞死的另一重大原因。創(chuàng)傷性股骨頭壞死和酒精性股骨頭壞死的患者數(shù)量哪個更多，不太確定，可能與不同的地區(qū)、不同的醫(yī)療機構(gòu)有關。從本人門診接觸的患者來看，感覺兩者數(shù)量似乎差不多。創(chuàng)傷性股骨頭壞死的患者中，絕大多數(shù)是繼發(fā)于股骨頸骨折，其它比較少見的原始損傷類型還包括股骨頭骨折、髖關節(jié)脫位和髖臼骨折、股骨粗隆部和股骨干骨折髓內(nèi)釘手術(shù)后。股骨頸骨折是一種常見骨折類型，發(fā)生人數(shù)眾多，約占成人骨折總數(shù)的1.68%（據(jù)張英澤，臨床創(chuàng)傷骨科流行病學）。GBD（國際骨折聯(lián)盟）報告2019年全球新發(fā)骨折例數(shù)1.78億，據(jù)此估算股骨頸骨折的年發(fā)生例數(shù)，全球約300萬，中國約60萬。而且，股骨頸骨折多發(fā)生于老年人，由于國內(nèi)人口老齡化的加劇，股骨頸骨折的發(fā)生率還在持續(xù)快速增長中。接骨、外固定或內(nèi)固定是骨折治療的常規(guī)方法，但是股骨頸骨折的內(nèi)固定治療幾乎是人體主要骨折中并發(fā)癥最多、治療結(jié)果最差的。也正因如此，人工關節(jié)置換已經(jīng)成為了老年人股骨頸骨折的首要治療方法。股骨頸骨折內(nèi)固定治療的并發(fā)癥主要有三個，一是比其它部位骨折更高的骨折不愈合的發(fā)生率；二是股骨頸短縮，即使骨折愈合了，很多也是股骨頸短縮后的愈合。股骨頸短縮的后果是肢體變短和臀中肌力矩變小，進而導致步態(tài)異常、走路搖擺；三是股骨頭壞死，這是股骨頸骨折最麻煩而又最常見的并發(fā)癥，內(nèi)固定后股骨頭壞死的總體發(fā)生率約30%。股骨頸骨折后的股骨頭壞死還存在一個非常奇怪的臨床現(xiàn)象，那就是年輕患者的股骨頭壞死發(fā)生率要高于年長患者，越年輕的股骨頸骨折患者發(fā)生股骨頭壞死的可能性越大。這與常識不符，與年輕患者骨折愈合能力更強的事實也不一致，但這又是臨床觀察到的確實現(xiàn)象，也是教科書里早就記載的。對于這個現(xiàn)象，目前還沒有一個具有足夠說服力的解釋。按照年齡分布，大概有10%的股骨頸骨折患者年齡小于40歲，這還不包括14歲以下兒童。因為股骨頸骨折病例基數(shù)巨大，這10%的部分也是一個數(shù)量龐大的人群。對于這部分年輕股骨頸骨折患者，其繼發(fā)的股骨頭壞死是一個更加嚴重的臨床問題乃至社會問題，青少年移位型股骨頸骨折的股骨頭壞死發(fā)生率可高達40-50%，治療更是棘手，充滿挑戰(zhàn)。還有一類少見、隱蔽且易于與股骨頭壞死混淆的損傷類型，是股骨頭骨軟骨損傷。損傷當時的常規(guī)X線片往往都是陰性表現(xiàn)，但是患者的疼痛很久都不能緩解。因為MRI（磁共振）影像上的表現(xiàn)與股骨頭壞死非常相似，股骨頭骨軟骨損傷的患者常被認作是股骨頭壞死而來就診。這種骨軟骨損傷更常見發(fā)生于距骨這個部位，也經(jīng)常被認作是距骨骨壞死，這可能與我們的教科書對于骨軟骨損傷和骨壞死這兩個疾病的命名和闡述不夠清晰有關。這兩種疾病的性質(zhì)顯然是不一樣的，骨軟骨損傷實際是一種特殊類型的骨折，由關節(jié)兩端的骨骼直接撞擊導致，骨折塊以軟骨為主體、帶少部分骨質(zhì)。（待續(xù)）
激素使用對股骨頭骨壞死發(fā)生和進展的影響:一項全國性巢式病例對照研究（2024）激素使用對股骨頭骨壞死發(fā)生和進展的影響:一項全國性巢式病例對照研究（2024）EffectofCorticosteroidUseontheOccurrenceandProgressionofOsteonecrosisoftheFemoralHead:ANationwideNestedCase-ControlStudy?KwonHM,HanM,LeeTS,JungI,SongJJ,YangHM,LeeJ,LeeSH,LeeYH,ParkKK.EffectofCorticosteroidUseontheOccurrenceandProgressionofOsteonecrosisoftheFemoralHead:ANationwideNestedCase-ControlStudy[J].JArthroplasty,2024轉(zhuǎn)載文章的原鏈接1：https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38830431/轉(zhuǎn)載文章的原鏈接2：https://www-clinicalkey-com-443.vpnm.ccmu.edu.cn/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S0883540324004595?AbstractBackgroundAlthoughitisverywellknownthatcorticosteroidscauseosteonecrosisofthefemoralhead(ONFH),itisunclearastowhichpatientsdevelopONFH.Additionally,therearenostudiesontheassociationbetweencorticosteroiduseandfemoralheadcollapseinONFHpatients.WeaimedtoinvestigatetheassociationbetweencorticosteroiduseandtheriskofONFHamongthegeneralpopulationandwhatfactorsaffectONFHoccurrence.Additionally,weaimedtodemonstratewhichfactorsaffectfemoralheadcollapseandtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)afterONFHoccurrence.雖然眾所周知，皮質(zhì)類固醇會導致股骨頭骨壞死(ONFH)，但目前尚不清楚哪些患者會發(fā)生ONFH。此外，沒有關于皮質(zhì)類固醇使用與ONFH患者股骨頭塌陷之間關系的研究。我們的目的是調(diào)查普通人群中皮質(zhì)類固醇使用與ONFH風險之間的關系，以及影響ONFH發(fā)生的因素。此外，我們旨在證明哪些因素影響ONFH發(fā)生后股骨頭塌陷和全髖關節(jié)置換術(shù)(THA)。?MethodsAnationwide,nestedcase-controlstudywasconductedwithdatafromtheNationalHealthInsuranceServicePhysicalHealthExaminationCohort(2002to2019)intheRepublicofKorea.WedefinedONFH(N=3,500)usingdiagnosisandtreatmentcodes.PatientswhohadONFHwerematched1:5toformacontrolgroupbasedonthevariablesofbirthyear,sex,andfollow-upduration.Additionally,inpatientswhohaveONFH,welookedforriskfactorsforprogressiontoTHA.使用韓國國民健康保險服務機構(gòu)身體健康檢查隊列(2002年至2019年)的數(shù)據(jù)進行了一項全國性的巢式病例對照研究。我們使用診斷和治療代碼定義ONFH(N=3,500)。根據(jù)出生年份、性別、隨訪時間等變量對ONFH患者進行1:5匹配，形成對照組。此外，在患有ONFH的患者中，我們尋找進展為THA的危險因素。?ResultsComparedwiththecontrolgroup,ONFHpatientshadalowhouseholdincomeandhadmorediabetes,hypertension,dyslipidemia,andheavyalcoholuse(drinkingmorethan3to7drinksperweek).Systemiccorticosteroiduse(≥1,800mg)wassignificantlyassociatedwithanincreasedriskofONFHincidence.However,lipidprofiles,corticosteroidprescription,andcumulativedosesofcorticosteroiddidnotaffecttheprogressiontoTHA.與對照組相比，ONFH患者家庭收入較低，糖尿病、高血壓、血脂異常和重度飲酒(每周飲酒超過3至7天)的發(fā)生率更高。全身使用皮質(zhì)類固醇(≥1800mg)與ONFH發(fā)生率增加顯著相關。然而，脂質(zhì)譜、皮質(zhì)類固醇處方和皮質(zhì)類固醇累積劑量對進展到THA沒有影響。?ConclusionsTheONFHriskincreasedrapidlywhencumulativeprednisoloneusewas≥1,800mg.However,oralorhigh-doseintravenouscorticosteroiduseandcumulativedosedidnotaffecttheprognosisofONFH.SincetheoccurrenceandprognosisofONFHarecomplexandmultifactorialprocesses,furtherstudyisneeded.當累積使用潑尼松龍≥1800mg時，ONFH風險迅速增加。然而，口服或大劑量靜脈注射皮質(zhì)類固醇和累積劑量不影響股骨頭壞死的預后。由于股骨頭壞死的發(fā)生和預后是一個復雜的多因素過程，需要進一步研究。?Osteonecrosisofthefemoralhead(ONFH)maycauseseverehippain,andcanultimatelyleadtocollapseofthefemoralheadandsubsequentrapiddestructionofthehipjointinrelativelyyoungpatients[1-3].Intractablepaincausedbyfemoralheadcollapseeventuallyleadstototalhiparthroplasty(THA)atayoungage[4,5].Althoughtrauma,theuseofcorticosteroid,andexcessivealcoholintakearewell-knownriskfactorsforONFH,theetiologyofONFHremainsmultifactorial,andnoconsensusexistsonthecommonpathophysiology[6-9].Impairedperfusionofbloodtobone,abnormalcellularreparativeprocesses,andgeneticpointmutationsarepresumedtoaffectONFHoccurrence,butithasnotyetbeenclarified[10-12].股骨頭壞死(Osteonecrosisoffemoralhead,ONFH)可引起嚴重的髖關節(jié)疼痛，在相對年輕的患者中，最終可導致股骨頭塌陷并隨后迅速破壞髖關節(jié)[1-3]。股骨頭塌陷引起的頑固性疼痛最終導致在年輕時進行全髖關節(jié)置換術(shù)(THA)[4,5]。雖然創(chuàng)傷、皮質(zhì)類固醇的使用和過量飲酒是眾所周知的ONFH的危險因素，但ONFH的病因仍然是多因素的，對共同的病理生理尚未達成共識[6-9]。據(jù)推測，骨血流灌注受損、細胞修復過程異常以及基因點突變可能影響ONFH的發(fā)生，但尚未明確[10-12]。AlthoughitisverywellknownthatcorticosteroidscauseONFH,itisunclearastowhichpatientsdevelopONFH.Thereareseveralstudiesreportingthathigh-dosecorticosteroiduseof2grams(g)ormorewithin3monthsisassociatedwithONFHdevelopment[8,13-15].However,thesewerestudieswitharelativelysmallnumberofpatients,andthereareheterogeneitiesinpatientdemographicsandepidemiologicvariabilities.OnceONFHoccurs,theprognosisisknowntobepoor,andtherearestudiesstatingthatfemoralheadcollapseprogressesfromabout24.6to42.8%withnaturalevolutionwithin2years[16,17].Inparticular,whenfemoralheadcollapseoccurs,manypatientsoftenreceiveTHAatayoungage,sopredictingtheprognosisforfemoralheadcollapseisasimportantaspredictingtheoccurrenceofONFH.SeveralstudieshavedemonstratedthatfemoralheadcollapseinONFHpatientsisassociatedwithsize,volume,locationofnecroticlesions,andanatomicalparameters[1,2,18,19].However,therearenostudiesontheassociationbetweencorticosteroiduseandfemoralheadcollapseinONFHpatients.雖然眾所周知，皮質(zhì)類固醇會引起ONFH，但尚不清楚哪些患者會發(fā)生ONFH。有幾項研究報道，在3個月內(nèi)使用2克或更多的高劑量皮質(zhì)類固醇與ONFH的發(fā)生有關[8,13-15]。然而，這些研究的患者數(shù)量相對較少，并且在患者人口統(tǒng)計學和流行病學變異方面存在異質(zhì)性。一旦發(fā)生ONFH，預后很差，有研究表明股骨頭塌陷在2年內(nèi)自然演化，從24.6%發(fā)展到42.8%[16,17]。特別是股骨頭塌陷發(fā)生時，許多患者往往在年輕時接受THA，因此預測股骨頭塌陷的預后與預測ONFH的發(fā)生同樣重要。多項研究表明，ONFH患者股骨頭塌陷與壞死灶的大小、體積、位置和解剖學參數(shù)有關[1,2,18,19]。然而，目前還沒有關于ONFH患者使用皮質(zhì)類固醇與股骨頭塌陷之間關系的研究。TheNationalHealthInsuranceService(NHIS)ofSouthKoreaisanationalinsurancecoverageservicethatcoversabout97%ofcitizensinSouthKorea,includingdemographicdataandaclaimdatabaseincludingdiagnosesandprescriptions[20].Additionally,theNHISoffershealthscreeningexaminationsforinsuredKoreansaged40yearsorolder,includingbasicbloodtests,smoking,drinking,andphysicalactivitiesusingself-reportedquestionnaires.BecausetheNationalHealthInsuranceService–NationalSampleCohort(NHIS-NSC)isahighlyrepresentativepopulation-basedcohortoftheentireKoreanpopulation,itcanbeusedasapopulation-based,nationwidestudyforepidemiologicresearchonvariousdiseases[20-22].韓國國民健康保險服務(NationalHealthInsuranceService,NHIS)是一項覆蓋韓國約97%公民的國民保險服務，包括人口統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)和包括診斷和處方在內(nèi)的索賠數(shù)據(jù)庫[20]。此外，國民健康保險制度還為40歲或40歲以上的參保韓國人提供健康檢查，包括基本的血液檢查、吸煙、飲酒和使用自我報告問卷的體育活動。由于國民健康保險服務-國民樣本隊列(NationalHealthInsuranceService-NationalSampleCohort,NHIS-NSC)是韓國人口中極具代表性的基于人群的隊列，因此可以作為一項基于人群的全國性研究，用于各種疾病的流行病學研究[20-22]。Therefore,inthepresentstudy,weaimedtoinvestigatetheassociationbetweencorticosteroiduseandtheriskofONFHdevelopmentamongthewholegeneralpopulationandwhatfactorsaffectONFHdevelopmentusinganationwidelargesamplefromlongitudinalnestedcase-controldatainalong-termcohortstudy.Inaddition,weaimedtodemonstratewhichfactorsaffectTHAafterthedevelopmentofONFH.因此，在本研究中，我們旨在通過一項長期隊列研究，在全國范圍內(nèi)采用縱向嵌套病例對照數(shù)據(jù)的大樣本，調(diào)查皮質(zhì)類固醇使用與整個普通人群中ONFH發(fā)生風險之間的關系，以及影響ONFH發(fā)生的因素。此外，我們旨在證明哪些因素會影響ONFH發(fā)展后的THA。?MaterialsandMethodsStudyPopulationWeuseda2002to2019datasetfromtheNHISPhysicalHealthExaminationCohort(NHIS-NSC)2.0databaseintheRepublicofKorea[23].TheNHIS-NSC2.0databasewascomprisedofatotalof1,137,861participantswhowerestratifiedandrandomlysampledsuchthattheage,sex,region,healthinsurancetype,andhouseholdincomesofthesamplesremainedproportionaltothoseofthe2006Koreanpopulationof50million.Weexcluded223,474participantswhowerealreadyprescribedintravenous(IV)ororalcorticosteroidstoreducethebiasintheanalysisoftheeffectoftheprescribedcorticosteroiddoseonONFH.Fromtheremainingcohort,weexcluded241participantswhowerealreadydiagnosedwithONFHin2002toobtainthenewdevelopmentofONFH(washoutperiod).Therefore,theindexdatewasthedatethatthepatientwasdiagnosedwithONFH.Weincluded914,146participantsinthefinalanalysis.Theinformationinthedatasetincludedallinpatientandoutpatientmedicalclaimsdata,includingprescriptiondruguse,diagnosticandtreatmentcodes,primaryandsecondarydiagnosticcodes,andhealthexaminationdata.AlltheindividualsincludedintheNHIS-NSCwerefolloweduntil2019,unlesstherewasadeathordisqualificationforNationalHealthInsurance,suchasemigration.TheprotocolofthisstudywasapprovedbytheInstitutionalReviewBoardofourinstitution(4-2022-0304)andtheNHIS(NHIS-2022-2-232).我們使用了2002年至2019年的數(shù)據(jù)集，這些數(shù)據(jù)集來自韓國NHIS身體健康檢查隊列(NHIS-nsc)2.0數(shù)據(jù)庫[23]。國民健康保險制度-國家安全保障制度2.0數(shù)據(jù)庫共包括1137861名參與者，這些參與者的年齡、性別、地區(qū)、健康保險類型和家庭收入與2006年韓國5000萬人口的比例保持一致，并進行了分層和隨機抽樣。我們排除了223,474名已經(jīng)靜脈注射或口服皮質(zhì)類固醇的參與者，以減少處方皮質(zhì)類固醇劑量對ONFH影響分析的偏倚。從剩余隊列中，我們排除了241名在2002年已經(jīng)診斷為ONFH的參與者，以獲得ONFH的新進展(洗脫期)。因此，索引日期為患者被診斷為ONFH的日期。我們在最終分析中納入了914146名參與者。數(shù)據(jù)集中的信息包括所有住院和門診醫(yī)療索賠數(shù)據(jù)，包括處方藥使用、診斷和治療代碼、初級和二級診斷代碼以及健康檢查數(shù)據(jù)。納入國家健康保險制度-國家安全保障制度的所有個人都被跟蹤到2019年，除非死亡或喪失參加國家健康保險的資格，例如移民。本研究的方案經(jīng)我院機構(gòu)審查委員會(4-2022-0304)和NHIS(NHIS-2022-2-232)批準。?CaseandControlSelectionWeusedtheInternationalStatisticalClassificationofDiseasesandRelatedHealthProblems,10thRevision(ICD-10)toidentifycasepatients.WedefinedONFH(N=3,500)usingthediagnosticcodeandtreatmentcodeICD-10codesforosteonecrosisofthefemur(SupplementaryTable1).Toavoidlengthbias,anestedcase-controlanalysiswasdesignedtoinvestigatetheeffectoftheprescribedcorticosteroiddoseonONFH.PatientswhohadONFHwerematched1:5toformacontrolgroupbasedonthevariablesofbirthyear,sex,andfollow-upduration.Identicalexclusioncriteriawereappliedtothecontrolgroup(N=12).Finally,casepatients(N=3,488)andcontrolpatients(N=17,440)werematchedbasedonsexandageattheindexdateandcompared(Figure1).我們使用國際疾病和相關健康問題統(tǒng)計分類第十次修訂版(ICD-10)來確定病例患者。我們使用股骨骨壞死的診斷代碼和治療代碼ICD-10來定義ONFH(N=3,500)(補充表1)。為避免長度偏倚，設計了巢式病例對照分析，以調(diào)查處方皮質(zhì)類固醇劑量對ONFH的影響。根據(jù)出生年份、性別、隨訪時間等變量對ONFH患者進行1:5匹配，形成對照組。對照組(N=12)采用相同的排除標準。最后，根據(jù)索引日期的性別和年齡對病例患者(N=3,488)和對照患者(N=17,440)進行匹配和比較(圖1)。??Fig.1Studyflow:selectionofparticipantsofcasesandmatchedcontrolsONFH,osteonecrosisoffemoralhead.??DefinitionofParametersFromthehealthexaminations,participantswereclassifiedinto4groupsbasedonthebodymassindex(BMI)accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganizationWesternPacificRegionguidelineandtheKoreanpracticalguidelineasfollows:low(<18.5),normal(18.5to23),overweight(23to25),andobese(>25).UnderlyingcomorbiditiesweredefinedbyatleastoneadmissionoroutpatienttreatmentupontheprimaryorfirstsecondarydiagnosisusingtheICD-10codeforthepastyear(hypertension:I10-I15,diabetesmellitus:E10-E14,dyslipidemia:E78).Thefrequencyofdrinkingalcoholwascategorizedas“non-alcoholuse”(drinkinglessthan1drinkperweek),“mildalcoholuse”(drinking1to2drinksperweek),or“heavyalcoholuse”(drinkingmorethan3to7drinksperweek).Smokingstatuswascategorizedasnonsmoker,pastsmoker,orcurrentsmoker.Afterovernightfasting,bloodsampleswereobtained,andserumhigh-densitylipoproteincholesterol,low-densitylipoprotein(LDL)cholesterol,andtriglyceride(TG)resultscouldbeobtained.根據(jù)健康檢查結(jié)果，根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織西太平洋地區(qū)指南和韓國實踐指南，將參與者的身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)分為4組:低(<18.5)、正常(18.5~23)、超重(23~25)和肥胖(>25)。潛在的合并癥是在過去一年中使用ICD-10代碼進行原發(fā)性或首次繼發(fā)性診斷時至少進行一次住院或門診治療(高血壓:I10-I15，糖尿病:E10-E14，血脂異常:E78)。飲酒頻率分為“不飲酒”(每周飲酒少于1杯)、“輕度飲酒”(每周飲酒1至2杯)或“重度飲酒”(每周飲酒超過3至7杯)。吸煙狀況分為不吸煙者、過去吸煙者和現(xiàn)在吸煙者。禁食過夜后采集血樣，得到血清高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇和甘油三酯(TG)結(jié)果。?SystemicCorticosteroidPrescriptionWedefinedsystemiccorticosteroidprescriptionsasoralcorticosteroidprescriptionsandIVcorticosteroidprescription.Systemiccorticosteroidusewasdefinedastheprescriptionofmedicationcodesduringadmissionsandoutpatientvisitsfrom2003totheindexdate(Table1).Bothgroupshadidenticalobservationperiods.Allcorticosteroidformulationswereconvertedintoadailydosebasedonprednisoneequivalentdoses[24](1mgprednisolone=4mghydrocortisone=0.8mgmethylprednisolone=0.8mgtriamcinolone=0.16mgbetamethasone=1.2mgdeflazacort),andwecalculatedcumulativedosesofexposureforcorticosteroidswiththesumofthedosesforalltheprescribeddays,whichwasexpressedasthecumulativedefineddailydose(cDDD)accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganizationdefinition.我們將系統(tǒng)性糖皮質(zhì)激素處方定義為口服糖皮質(zhì)激素處方和靜脈糖皮質(zhì)激素處方。系統(tǒng)性糖皮質(zhì)激素使用定義為從2003年到基線日期（見表1）的住院和門診就診期間的藥物代碼處方。兩組觀察期相同。將所有糖皮質(zhì)激素制劑轉(zhuǎn)換為基于潑尼松等效劑量（1毫克潑尼松龍等于4毫克氫化可的松等于0.8毫克甲基潑尼松龍等于0.8毫克曲安奈德等于0.16毫克倍他米松等于1.2毫克德夫氯喹）的每日劑量，并根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織的定義計算糖皮質(zhì)激素的累積暴露劑量（累積定義每日劑量，cDDD），即將所有處方天數(shù)的劑量相加。?Table1PrescriptionDrugCodesandDosageofSystemicCorticosteroidBasedontheHealthInsuranceClaimsPaymentCodingSystem.Drug???????Code??????CorticosteroidandDosageOralcorticosteroids116401ATB???betamethasone0.5mg116501ATB???betamethasonesodiumphosphate0.5mg296900ATB???betamethasone0.25mg140801ATB???deflazacort6mg140802ATB???deflazacort30mg141901ATB???dexamethasone0.5mg141903ATB???dexamethasone0.75mg141904ATB???dexamethasone4mg170901ATB???hydrocortisone10mg170905ATB???hydrocortisone20mg170906ATB???hydrocortisone5mg193301ATB???methylprednisolone16mg193302ATB???methylprednisolone4mg193303ATB???methylprednisolone8mg193304ATB???methylprednisolone2mg193305ATB???methylprednisolone1mg217001ATB???prednisolone5mg243201ATB???triamcinolone1mg243202ATB???triamcinolone2mg243203ATB???triamcinolone4mgHigh-doseIVcorticosteroids?171201BIJ???????hydrocortisonesodiumsuccinate100mg171202BIJ?????hydrocortisonesodiumsuccinate250mg171203BIJ?????hydrocortisonesodiumsuccinate40mg193601BIJ?????methylprednisolonesodiumsuccinate125mg193602BIJ?????methylprednisolonesodiumsuccinate250mg193603BIJ?????methylprednisolonesodiumsuccinate40mgmethylprednisolonesodiumsuccinate500mg193604BIJ?????methylprednisolonesodiumsuccinate1000mg193605BIJ?????prednisolonesodiumsuccinate1000mg217301BIJ?????prednisolonesodiumsuccinate250mg217302BIJ???????SubgroupAnalysisATHAafteranONFHdiagnosiswasusedasasurrogateforfemoralheadcollapse.Therefore,wedividedallcasesinto2groups:agroupthatreceivedTHAandanothergroupthatdidnotreceiveTHAusingtreatmentcodes(N0711.N7020).Amongatotalof3,430patients,weexcluded70patientswhohadaTHAtreatmentcodepriortodiagnosis,1,175patientswhoreceivedTHAduringtheobservationperiod,and2,255patientswhodidnot.Wecomparedthe2groupsandanalyzedthemusingtheCoxproportionalhazardsmodel,whichfactorsaffectdiseaseprogressionleadingtoTHA(Figure2).診斷為ONFH后進行THA作為股骨頭塌陷的替代。因此，我們使用治療代碼(N0711)將所有病例分為兩組:接受THA治療的組和未接受THA治療的組。N7020)。在總共3430例患者中，我們排除了70例在診斷前有THA治療代碼的患者，1175例在觀察期間接受THA治療的患者和2255例未接受THA治療的患者。我們對兩組患者進行比較，并使用Cox比例風險模型進行分析，分析影響THA病情進展的因素(圖2)。??Fig.2Studyflow:comparisonofpatientswhoreceivedanddidnotreceivetotalhiparthroplastyafterdiagnosisONFH,osteonecrosisoffemoralhead;THA,totalhiparthroplasty.??DataAnalysisChi-squaredtestsforcategoricalvariableswereperformedtocomparethebaselinecharacteristicsbetweencaseandcontrolpatients.AconditionallogisticregressionanalysiswasperformedtoevaluatetheassociationbetweensystemiccorticosteroiduseandtheriskofONFH.Forsubgroupanalysis,weusedCoxproportionalhazardmodelstoestimateadjustedhazardratios(aHRs)and95%confidenceintervals(CIs).APvalue<.05wasconsideredsignificant.AllstatisticalanalyseswereperformedusingSASEnterpriseGuideversion7.1(SASInstitute,Cary,NorthCarolina).?ResultsDemographicDataforONFHCasesandMatchedControlsTable2showsthebaselinecharacteristicsofcasesandmatchedcontrols.The2groupshadevendistributionsinthematchingvariables,includingsexandbirthyear.Subjectswerepredominantlymen(61.1%),andthemostcommonagegroupwasthoseborninthe1950s(age63to72asof2022).Comparedwiththecontrolgroup,ONFHcasepatientshadlowhouseholdincomeandhadmorediabetes,hypertension,dyslipidemia,andheavyalcoholuse(drinkingmorethan3to7drinksperweek).Inaddition,thecasepatientshadnormalserumLDLlevels(<100mg/dL),butconversely,thereweremanycasesofhypertriglyceridemiawithserumTGlevelsof200mg/dLormore.??Table2BaselineCharacteristicofOsteonecrosisofFemoralHeadCasesandMatchedControls.totalN=20,928(%)?????CasesN=3,488(%)ControlsN=17,440(%)?????PSex????????????????????????Men12,792(61.1)?2,132(61.1)???10,660(61.1)?Women???8,136(38.9)???1,356(38.9)???6,780(38.9)???????Birthyear??????????????????????????????<1930????852(4.1)142(4.1)710(4.1)1930to1939?3,024(14.4)???504(14.4)??????2,520(14.4)?????1940to1949?4,074(19.5)???679(19.5)??????3,395(19.5)?????1950to1959?5,112(24.4)???852(24.4)??????4,260(24.4)?????1960to1969?3,786(18.1)???631(18.1)??????3,155(18.1)?????1970to1979?2,184(10.4)???364(10.4)??????1,820(10.4)?????1980to1989?1,080(5.2)?????180(5.2)900(5.2)1990to1999?558(2.7)93(2.7)??465(2.7)2000to2009?210(1.0)35(1.0)??175(1.0)2010to2019?48(0.2)??8(0.2)????40(0.2)??Age(atindexdate)55.2±16.9????55.2±16.9???????55.2±16.9????Householdincome????????????????????????Low4,535(21.7)???896(25.7)??????3,639(20.9)???????<.001Middle???6,500(31.0)???1,090(31.2)???5,410(31.0)???????High???????9,893(26.5)???1,502(43.1)???8,391(48.1)???????Comorbidities????????????????????????Hypertension?6,631(31.7)???1,301(37.3)???5,330(30.6)?????<.001Diabetesmellitus???4,567(21.8)???908(26.0)???????3,659(21.0)???<.001Dyslipidemia??5,555(26.5)???1,120(32.1)???4,435(25.4)?????<.001Frequencyofdrinkingalcohol??????????????????????????????<1d/wk??10,044(48.0)?1,613(46.2)???8,431(48.3)???????<.0011to2d/wk?????3,987(19.1)???560(16.1)??????3,427(19.7)?????3to7d/wk?????2,794(13.3)???621(17.8)??????2,173(12.5)?????Missing??4,103(19.6)???694(19.9)??????3,409(19.5)???????Smokingstatus?????????????????????????????Non-smoker???9,455(45.2)???1,539(44.1)???7,916(45.4)?????.199Ex-smoker?????2,865(13.7)???462(13.3)??????2,403(13.8)?????Currentsmoker??????4,488(21.4)???790(22.6)???????3,698(21.2)???Missing??4,120(19.7)???697(20.0)??????3,423(19.6)???????BMI,kg/m2??24.0±3.3??????23.9±3.4??????24.0±3.3??.547<18·5?????608(2.9)113(3.2)495(2.8).09018·5to22·9???6,126(29.3)???1,029(29.5)???5,097(29.2)?????23·0to24·9???4,239(20.3)???651(18.7)??????3,588(20.6)?????≥25·0?6,113(29.2)???1,049(30.1)???5,064(29.0)???????Missing??3,842(25.1)???646(18.5)??????3,196(18.3)???????HDL,mg/dL??54.2±20.5????55.2±22.7????54.0±20.0.015<40?2,113(10.1)???339(9.7)1,774(10.2%).03340to59??8,856(42.3)???1,411(40.5)???7,445(42.7%)??≥60???????4,700(22.5)???830(23.8)????3870(22.2%)???????Missing??5,259(25.1)???908(26.0)??????4,351(24.9%)??LDL,mg/dL???114.8±77.2??110.6±56.9??115.7±80.6<.001<100??????5,627(26.9)???1,045(30.0)???4,582(26.3)???????<.001100to159?????8,493(40.6)???1,297(37.2)???7,196(41.3)?????≥160?????1,528(7.3)?????234(6.7)1,294(7.4)?????Missing??5,280(25.2)???912(26.1)??????4,368(25.0)???????TG,mg/dL?????144.5±108.7154.8±125.0142.5±105.1??????<.001<150??????10,395(49.7)?1,651(47.3)???8,744(50.1)???????<.001150to199?????2,447(11.7)???390(11.2)??????2,057(11.8)?????≥200?????2,829(13.5)???540(15.5)??????2,289(13.1)???????Missing??5,257(25.1)???907(26.0)??????4,350(24.9)???????BMI,bodymassindex;HDL,highdensitylipoprotein;LDL,lowdensitylipoprotein;TG,triglyceride.??Table3showsthecomparisonofprescribedsystemiccorticosteroidsincasepatientsandcontrolpatients.Bothgroupshadidenticalobservationperiods(meanobservationperiodwas8.26years).Systemiccorticosteroidwasprescribedatleastoncemoreinthecasegroupthaninthecontrolgroup(71.8versus62.9%,P<.001).EvenwhenoralcorticosteroidsandIVcorticosteroidswerecompared,respectively,thenumberofcasesprescribedcorticosteroidsatleastoncewashigherinthepatientswhohadONFH(oralcorticosteroids:71.2versus62.4%,P<.001/IVcorticosteroids:10.7versus4.9%,P<.001).??Table3DifferenceinCorticosteroidUseBetweenCasesandMatchedControlsFrom2003UntilDiagnosis.TotalN=20,928(%)?????CasesN=3,488(%)ControlsN=17,440(%)?????PCorticosteroid(oralorhigh-doseIV)???????????????????????????Neveruse???????7,453(35.6)???983(28.2)??????6,470(37.1)?????<.001Everuse?13,475(64.4)?2,505(71.8)?10,970(62.9)???????Oralcorticosteroid????????????????????????Neveruse???????7,562(36.1)???1,004(18.8)???6,558(37.6)?????<.001Everuse?13,366(63.9)?2,484(71.2)?10,882(62.4)???????Neveruse???????7,562(36.1)???1,004(18.8)???6,558(37.6)?????<.001<180cDDDs??12,667(60.5)?2,192(62.8)???10,475(60.1)?????180to364cDDDs?397(1.9)146(4.2)251(1.4)365to729cDDDs?179(0.9)84(2.4)??95(0.5)??≥730cDDDs123(0.6)62(1.8)??61(0.4)??High-doseIVcorticosteroid??????????????????????????Neveruse???????19,703(94.2)?3,116(89.3)???16,587(95.1)?????<.001Everuse?1,225(5.8)?????372(10.7)??????853(4.9)Neveruse???????19,703(94.2)?3,116(89.3)???16,587(95.1)?????<.001<180cDDDs??988(4.7)266(7.6)722(4.1)180to364cDDDs?120(0.6)46(1.3)??74(0.4)??365to729cDDDs?77(0.4)??40(1.2)??37(0.2)??≥730cDDDs40(0.2)??20(0.6)??20(0.1)??cDDDs,cumulativedefineddailydoses(prednisolone10mg);IV,intravenous.??CumulativeCorticosteroidDoseandONFHDevelopmentConditionallogisticregressionanalysiswasperformedtoanalyzetheeffectofthecumulativedoseofsystemiccorticosteroidsfor1yearbeforediagnosisontheincidenceofONFH(Table4).SystemiccorticosteroidusewassignificantlyassociatedwithanincreasedriskofONFHincidencecomparedtothatofnonusers.Specifically,higherdosesoforalcorticosteroidwereassociatedwithincreasedriskofONFH(oddsratiosof1.61(95%CI1.47to1.78,P<.001),4.39(95%CI3.47to5.56,P<.001),6.42(95%CI4.65to8.87,P<.001),and5.44(95%CI3.65to8.13,P<.001)forpatientswhohavecorticosteroiduseof<180,180to365,365to720,and>720cDDDs(valuesconvertedtodailyprednisolone10mg),respectively.TheriskofONFHincreasedrapidlywhenthecDDDwas180ormore,thatis,whencumulativeprednisoloneusewas1,800mgormore.Inaddition,atrendtowardriskincreasewithcumulativedosesofIVcorticosteroidusewasshownwithadjustedoddsratio(AOR)of1.63(95%CI1.39to1.90,P<.001),2.34(95%CI1.57to3.49,P<.001),3.77(95%CI2.33to6.10,P<.001),and2.76(95%CI1.41to5.39,P=.003)forpatientswhohavecorticosteroiduseof<180,180to365,365to720,and>720cDDDs(valuesconvertedtodailyprednisolone10mg),respectively.??Table4AdjustedRiskofOsteonecrosisofFemoralHeadOccurrence.ConditionalLogisticRegressionAnalysisforONFHDevelopmentCrudeOR??????95%CI???P?????AdjustedOR??95%CI???????PHouseholdincome????????????????????????????????????????Low1.381.26to1.52???<.001?????1.381.25to1.51???????<.001Middle???1.131.03to1.23???.0071.131.03to1.23???????.008High???????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??Comorbidities???????????????????????????????????????Hypertension?1.471.35to1.60???<.001?????1.21???????1.06to1.37???.004Diabetesmellitus???1.381.26to1.51???<.001???????1.070.95to1.20???.289Dyslipidemia??1.471.35to1.60???<.001?????1.18???????1.04to1.34???.012Frequencyofdrinkingalcohol?????????????????????????????????????????????<1d/wk??1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??1to2d/wk?????0.870.78to0.97???.0150.900.80to1.01.0713to7d/wk?????1.541.38to1.73???<.001?????1.54???????1.36to1.74???<.001Missing??1.080.97to1.20???.1801.120.59to2.14???????.731Smokingstatus?????????????????????????????????????????????Non–smoker??1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??Ex–smoker?????1.010.89to1.15???.8670.930.82to1.07.314Currentsmoker??????1.131.01to1.26???.0321.01???????0.90to1.14???.855Missing??1.060.95to1.18???.2791.030.55to1.94???????.923BMI,kg/m2?????????????????????????????????????????<18·5?????1.130.91to1.41???.2621.150.92to1.44???????.23218·5to22·9???1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??23·0to24·9???0.900.81to0.99???.0490.900.80to1.01.062≥25·0?1.020.93to1.13???.6280.990.89to1.09???????.784Missing??1.000.90to1.13???.9450.800.55to1.17???????.254HDL,mg/dL?????????????????????????????????????????<40?1.010.88to1.15???.9250.950.83to1.09???????.44740to59??1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??≥60???????1.131.03to1.25???.0091.100.99to1.21???????.069Missing??1.121.01to1.23???.0312.910.14to60.46???????.490LDL,mg/dL??????????????????????????????????????????<100??????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??100to159?????0.790.72to0.86???<.001?????0.86???????0.78to0.94???.001≥160?????0.790.67to0.92???.0030.84071to0.98???????.031Missing??0.930.83to1.03???.1520.840.28to2.56???????.762TG,mg/dL????????????????????????????????????????????<150??????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??150to199?????1.010.89to1.14???.9170.990.88to1.13.970≥200?????1.261.13to1.40???<.001?????1.171.04to1.32.009Missing??1.121.01to1.23???.0250.460.03to7.70???????.585Medication????????????????????????????????????????????Steroid(oralorhigh–doseIV)?????????????????????????????????????????????Neveruse???????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??Everuse?1.751.59to1.92???<.001?????1.771.60to1.94<.001POsteroid?????????????????????????????????????????????Neveruse???????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??Everuse?1.731.57to1.90???<.001?????1.681.53to1.85<.001Neveruse???????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??<180cDDDs??1.631.49to1.79???<.001?????1.61???????1.47to1.78???<.001180to364cDDDs?4.983.96to6.25???<.001???????4.393.47to5.56???<.001365to729cDDDs?7.515.50to10.27?<.001???????6.424.65to8.87???<.001≥730cDDDs8.966.16to13.02?<.001?????5.44???????3.65to8.13???<.001High–doseIVsteroid????????????????????????????????????????????Neveruse???????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??Everuse?2.422.12to2.76???<.001?????2.201.92to2.51<.001Neveruse???????1.00ref.?????????1·00?????ref.??<180cDDDs??2.041.76to2.38???<.001?????1.63???????1.39to1.90???<.001180to364cDDDs?3.402.35to4.92???<.001???????2.341.57to3.49???<.001365to729cDDDs?5.863.74to9.18???<.001???????3.772.33to6.10???<.001≥730cDDDs5.232.81to9.73???<.001?????2.76???????1.41to5.39???.003BMI,bodymassindex;cDDDs,cumulativedefineddailydoses(prednisolone10mg);CI,confidenceinterval;HDL,highdensitylipoprotein;IV,intravenous;LDL,lowdensitylipoprotein;ONFH,osteonecrosisoffemoralhead;OR,oddsratio;PO,peroral;TG,triglyceride.??RiskFactorsforTHAinPatientswhoHaveONFHFortheONFHcasepatients,asubgroupanalysiswasperformedon1,175patientsintheTHAgroupand2,255patientsinthenon-THAgroupduringtheobservationperiod.Thefollow-updurationoftheTHAgroup(1,175patients)was1.03±2.25years,andthefollow-updurationofthenon-THAgroup(2,255patients)was7.93±5.15years.Table5showsthebaselinecharacteristicsofTHAcasesandnon-THAcases.IntheTHAgroup,therewasagreaterproportionofmen(63.9versus60.0%,P=.028),higherBMI(24.1versus23.8,P=.027),heavyalcoholuseofthosewhoconsumedalcoholmorethan3to7daysaweek(22.9versus15.2%,P<.001),currentsmokers(26.4versus20.8%,P<.001),andhigherTG(162.3mg/dLversus150.0,P≤.001).However,whentheeffectondiseaseprogressionwasanalyzedusingCoxproportionalhazardsmodelforsurvivalanalysisafterONFHdiagnosis,heavyalcoholuseandlongercorticosteroidusesweretheriskfactorsaffectingdiseaseprogression,anddiabeteswasafactorthatslowedprogression.Moreover,otherlipidprofilesaswellascorticosteroidsusedandcumulativedosesofcorticosteroidsdidnotaffecttheincidenceofTHA(Table6).Inaddition,whenthesurvivalanalysiswasperformedafterthediagnosisofONFHbydividingthepatientgroupintomalesandfemales,heavyalcoholuseinvolvingthosewhoconsumedalcoholmorethan3to7daysaweekincreasedtheriskofdiseaseprogressionafterONFHdiagnosisinmalesonly(aHR:1.38,95%CI1.16to1.65,P<.001),andaBMIof25orhigherinfemalesonlyincreasedtheriskofincidenceofTHAafterONFHdiagnosis(aHR:1.52,95%CI1.18to1.96,P<.001).??Table5Comparisonofthe2GroupsAccordingtoWhetherorNotTotalHipArthroplastywasPerformedDuringtheFollow-UpPeriodAfterOsteonecrosisofFemoralHeadDiagnosis.TotalN=3,430(%)??????THAafterDiagnosisN=1,175(%)?????NoTHAafterDiagnosisN=2,255(%)???????PSex????????????????????????Men2,104(61.3)???751(63.9)??????10,660(61.1)???????.028Women???1,326(38.7)???424(36.1)??????6,780(38.9)???????Birthyear??????????????????????????????<1930????141(4.1)16(1.4)??125(5.5)<.0011930to1939?492(14.3)??????153(13.0)??????339(15.0)?????1940to1949?665(19.4)??????246(20.9)??????419(18.6)?????1950to1959?837(24.4)??????344(29.3)??????493(21.9)?????1960to1969?621(18.1)??????229(19.5)??????392(17.4)?????1970to1979?359(10.5)??????118(10.0)??????241(10.4)?????1980to1989?180(5.3)56(4.8)??124(5.2)1990to1999?92(2.7)??13(1.1)??79(3.5)??2000to2009?35(1.0)??0(0.0)????35(1.6)??2010to2019?8(0.2)????0(0.0)????8(0.3)????Age(atindexdate)55.1±17.0????56.41±13.8???????54.6±18.4????.007Householdincome????????????????????????Low880(25.7)??????283(24.1)??????597(26.5)???????.008Middle???1,077(31.4)???409(34.8)??????668(29.6)???????High???????1,473(42.9)???483(41.1)??????990(43.9)???????Comorbidities????????????????????????Hypertension?1,269(37.0)???445(37.9)??????824(36.5)?????.466Diabetesmellitus???888(25.9)??????285(24.3)???????603(26.7)??????.125Dyslipidemia??1,095(31.9)???383(32.6)??????712(31.6)?????.568Frequencyofdrinkingalcohol??????????????????????????????<1d/wk??1,581(46.1)???504(42.9)??????1,077(47.8)???????<.0011to2d/wk?????549(16.0)??????207(17.6)??????342(15.2)?????3to7d/wk?????613(17.9)??????269(22.9)??????344(15.2)?????Missing??687(20.0)??????195(16.6)??????492(21.8)???????Smokingstatus?????????????????????????????Nonsmoker????1,507(43.9)???491(41.8)??????1,016(45.1)?????.199Ex-smoker?????454(13.2)??????180(15.3)??????274(12.2)?????Currentsmoker??????780(22.7)??????310(26.4)???????470(20.8)??????Missing??689(20.1)??????194(16.5)??????495(21.9)???????BMI,kg/m2???23.9±3.4??????24.1±3.4??????23.8±3.3??.027<18·5?????112(3.3)37(3.2)??75(3.3)??<.00118·5-22·9??????1,014(29.3)???355(30.2)??????659(29.2)?????23·0-24·9??????640(18.7)??????218(18.5)??????422(18.7)?????≥25·0?1,024(29.8)???388(33.0)??????636(28.2)???????Missing??640(18.7)??????177(15.1)??????463(20.5)???????HDL,mg/dL??55.3±22.9????55.7±16.0????55.1±26.1.015<40?331(9.6)110(9.4)221(9.8).03340-59?????1,379(40.2)???494(42.0)??????885(39.2)???????≥60???????822(24.0%)??322(27.4%)??500(22.2%)???????Missing??898(26.2%)??248(21.2%)??649(28.8%)???????LDL,mg/dL???110.6±57.1??111.4±80.9??110.1±37.0.668<100??????1,023(29.8%)378(32.2%)??645(28.6%)???????<.001100-159?1,277(37.2%)464(39.5%)??813(36.1%)???????≥160?????229(6.7%)????81(6.9%)??????148(6.5%)???????Missing??901(26.3%)??252(21.4%)??649(28.8%)???????TG,mg/dL?????154.5±125.1162.3±141.3150.0±114.5??????.024<150??????1,626(47.4%)576(19.0%)??1,050(46.6%)??<.001150-199?378(11.0%)???140(11.9%)???238(10.5%)???????≥200?????530(15.5%)??211(18.0%)???319(14.2%)???????Missing??896(26.1)??????248(21.1)??????648(28.7)???????Systemiccorticosteroid(Oralorhigh-doseIV)???????????????????????????Neveruse???????2,090(60.9)???710(60.4)??????1,380(61.2)?????.687Everuse?1,340(39.1)???465(39.6)??????875(38.8)???????Oralcorticosteroid????????????????????????Neveruse???????2,119(61.8)???718(61.1)??????1,401(62.1)?????.584Everuse?1,311(38.2)???457(38.9)??????854(37.9)???????.690Neveruse???????2,119(61.8)???718(61.1)??????1,401(62.1)?????<180cDDDs??1,240(36.1)???434(36.9)??????806(35.7)?????180-364cDDDs????47(1.4)??15(1.3)??32(1.4)??365-729cDDDs????21(0.6)??8(0.7)????13(0.6)??≥730cDDDs3(0.1)????0(0.0)????3(0.1)????High-doseIVcorticosteroid??????????????????????????Neveruse???????3,322(96.9)???1,142(97.2)???2,180(96.7)?????.471Everuse?108(3.1)33(2.8)??75(3.3)??.858Neveruse???????3,322(96.9)???1,142(97.2)???2,180(96.7)?????<180cDDDs??84(2.4)??26(2.2)??58(2.5)??180-364cDDDs????9(0.3)????2(0.2)????7(0.3)????365-729cDDDs????10(0.3)??4(0.3)????6(0.3)????≥730cDDDs5(0.1)????1(0.1)????4(0.2)????BMI,bodymassindex;cDDDs,cumulativedefineddailydoses(prednisolone10mg);CI,confidenceinterval;HDL,highdensitylipoprotein;IV,intravenous;LDL,lowdensitylipoprotein;ONFH,osteonecrosisoffemoralhead;OR,oddsratio;TG,triglyceride;THA,totalhiparthroplasty.??Table6AdjustedRiskofTotalHipArthroplastyofOsteonecrosisofFemoralHeadPatients.ConditionalLogisticRegressionAnalysisforONFHDevelopmentCrudeOR??????95%CI???P?????AdjustedOR??95%CI???????PSex????????????????????????????????????????Men1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??Women???0.890.79to1.01???.0601.030.88to1.20???????.731Age?1.011.00to1.01???<.001?????1.011.01to1.02???????<.001Householdincome????????????????????????????????????????Low1.000.86to1.16???.9891.020.88to1.19???????.786Middle???1.201.05to1.37???.0081.211.06to1.38???????.006High???????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??Comorbidities???????????????????????????????????????Hypertension?1.120.99to1.26???.0581.100.91to1.32.340Diabetesmellitus???0.950.83to1.09???.4460.80???????0.68to0.96???.013Dyslipidemia??1.090.97to1.23???.1570.980.81to1.19.842Frequencyofdrinkingalcohol?????????????????????????????????????????????<1d/wk??1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??1to2d/wk?????1.231.05to1.45???.0111.231.02to1.47.0263to7d/wk?????1.501.30to1.74???<.001?????1.38???????1.16to1.65???<.001Missing??0.900.76to1.06???.2043.120.80to12.23???????.103Smokingstatus?????????????????????????????????????????????Nonsmoker????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??Ex-smoker?????1.311.11to1.56???.0020.251.03to1.52.027Currentsmoker??????1.261.09to1.45???.0021.17???????0.98to1.41???.085Missing??0.860.73to1.02???.0850.400.10to1.64???????.203BMI,kg/m2?????????????????????????????????????????<18·5?????0.940.67to1.31???.6980.890.63to1.25???????.51018·5to22·9???1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??23·0to24·9???0.940.80to1.12???.4940.950.80to1.12.519≥25·0?1.090.95to1.26???.2321.110.96to1.29???????.176Missing??0.770.65to0.93???.0051.040.61to1.77???????.880HDL,mg/dL?????????????????????????????????????????<40?0.930.76to1.15???.5170.910.74to1.12???????.37640to59??1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??≥60???????1.130.98to1.30???.0941.161.01to1.34???????.043Missing??0.770.66to0.90???<.001?????0.320.03to3.11.325LDL,mg/dL??????????????????????????????????????????<100??????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??100to159?????0.970.84to1.11???.6140.990.86to1.13.844≥160?????0.930.73to1.18???.5610.960.75to1.23???????.728Missing??0.740.63to0.87???<.001?????5.091.59to16.28??????.006TG,mg/dL????????????????????????????????????????????<150??????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??150to199?????1.070.89to1.29???.4471.050.87to1.27.583≥200?????1.191.02to1.39???.0301.110.94to1.31???????.231Missing??0.780.67to0.91???.0010.490.07to3.60???????.485Medication????????????????????????????????????????????Steroid(oralorhigh–doseIV)?????????????????????????????????????????????Neveruse???????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??Everuse?1.090.97to1.22???.1721.070.95to1.21???????.268POsteroid?????????????????????????????????????????????Neveruse???????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??Everuse?1.090.97to1.23???.1341.070.95to1.21???????.268Neveruse???????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??<180cDDDs??1.090.97to1.23???.1421.080.95to1.21.247180to364cDDDs?1.100.66to1.83???.7161.22???????0.73to2.06???.449365to729cDDDs?1.280.64to2.58???.4821.62???????0.79to3.36???.191≥730cDDDs<0.001???<0.001to999.944<0.001???????<0.001to999.943High–doseIVsteroid????????????????????????????????????????????Neveruse???????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??Everuse?0.910.64to1.29???.5920.900.63to1.28???????.552Neveruse???????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??<180cDDDs??0.950.64to1.39???.7760.870.59to1.30.504180to364cDDDs?0.600.15to2.41???.4740.71???????0.17to2.87???.626365to729cDDDs?1.200.45to3.20???.7191.35???????0.50to3.64???.554≥730cDDDs0.480.07to3.38???.4580.540.07to4.01.545Steroiduseduration?????????????????????????????????????????????Neveruse???????1.00ref.?????????1.00ref.??<3mobeforediagnosis?1.601.45-1.76<.001???????1.621.47-1.78<.0013-6mobeforediagnosis3.863.22-4.63<.001???????3.913.25-4.70<.0016-12mobeforediagnosis??????5.284.16-6.71<.001???????5.234.10-6.67<.001>12mobeforediagnosis7.575.98-9.59<.001???????7.405.82-9.42<.001?查看原圖BMI,bodymassindex;cDDDs,cumulativedefineddailydoses(prednisolone10mg);CI,confidenceinterval;HDL,highdensitylipoprotein;IV,intravenous;LDL,lowdensitylipoprotein;ONFH,osteonecrosisoffemoralhead;OR,oddsratio;PO,peroral;TG,triglyceride;THA,totalhiparthroplasty.??DiscussionWeevaluated3,488ONFHcasesand17,440controlcaseswithmatchingvariablesincludingage,sex,andthetimeofthefollow-upata1:5ratiofromtheNHIS-NSC,includingthefollow-updatafrom2002to2019of1,137,861participantsinanationwidelongitudinalnestedcase-controlstudy.Wedemonstratedthatalowhouseholdincome,diabetes,hypertension,dyslipidemia,heavyalcoholicswhoconsumedalcoholmorethan3daysaweek,andserumTGlevelsof200mg/dLormorewereassociatedwiththedevelopmentofONFH.Inaddition,systemiccorticosteroidusewassignificantlyassociatedwithanincreasedriskofONFHincidencecomparedtothatofnonusers.Specifically,theriskofONFHincreasedrapidlywhenthecDDDswere180ormorecumulativedosesofcorticosteroiduse.WeanalyzedthefactorsaffectingtheprogressionofthediseasebycomparingpatientswhounderwentTHAwiththosewhodidnotundergoTHAduringthefollow-upperiodafterONFHdiagnosis.Men,whohadahigherBMI,heavyalcoholicswhoconsumedalcoholmorethan3daysaweek,currentsmokers,andserumTGlevelsof200mg/dLormorewereassociatedwithTHAafterONFHdiagnosis.However,afteradjustingforcompoundfactors,heavyalcoholicsweretheonlyfactoraffectingtheincidenceofTHAafterONFHdiagnosis,anditmaybeusedtocounselONFHpatients.Otherlipidprofiles,corticosteroidsused,andcumulativedosesofcorticosteroidsdidnotaffecttheincidenceofTHA.我們評估了3488例ONFH病例和17440例對照病例，匹配變量包括年齡、性別和隨訪時間，比例為1:5，來自NHIS-NSC，包括2002年至2019年全國縱向巢式病例對照研究中1137861名參與者的隨訪數(shù)據(jù)。研究表明，家庭收入低、糖尿病、高血壓、血脂異常、每周飲酒超過3天的重度酗酒者以及血清TG水平≥200mg/dL與ONFH的發(fā)生有關。此外，與不使用皮質(zhì)類固醇的患者相比，全身性使用皮質(zhì)類固醇與ONFH發(fā)生率增加顯著相關。特別是，當皮質(zhì)類固醇的累積使用劑量達到180或更高時，ONFH的風險迅速增加。我們通過比較ONFH診斷后隨訪期間接受THA和未接受THA的患者來分析影響疾病進展的因素。BMI較高的男性、每周飲酒超過3天的重度酗酒者、當前吸煙者、血清TG水平≥200mg/dL的男性在ONFH診斷后與THA相關。然而，在調(diào)整復合因素后，重度酗酒者是ONFH診斷后唯一影響THA發(fā)生率的因素，可用于指導ONFH患者。其他脂質(zhì)特征、使用的皮質(zhì)類固醇和皮質(zhì)類固醇的累積劑量對THA的發(fā)生率沒有影響。TherelationshipbetweencorticosteroiduseandONFHdevelopmenthasbeenrevealedinseveralstudies[8,25,26],andtherearealsosomestudiesthathavesuggestedspecificdosesanddurationsofcorticosteroiduse,suchastheassociationwiththedevelopmentofdiseasewhenusingmorethan2gwithin3months[27]orthemeancorticosteroiduseofpatientswhohaveONFHdevelopmentof3,314mg[28].Inthecurrentlargecohortstudyofthegeneralpopulation,weanalyzedvariousfactorsthatcanaffectthedevelopmentofONFH.Asinpreviousstudies,thecaseofcorticosteroiduseatleastonceandadditionalcumulativecorticosteroiddosewereassociatedwiththeincreasedriskofONFHdevelopment,andwhencumulativeprednisoloneusewas1,800mg(180cDDDs)ormore,theriskofONFHdevelopmentincreasedrapidly.Surely,thedevelopmentofONFHrelatedtocorticosteroiduseisthoughttobecausedbyacombinationofnotonlycorticosteroidusebutalsoseveralfactorssuchascomorbidities,alcohol,smoking,andgeneticfactors.Sincecorticosteroidtreatmentisoftenessentialformanydiseases,itisnecessarytobeawareofthecumulativedoseatwhichtheriskofONFHincreasesrapidlywhencontinuouscorticosteroidtreatmentisrequired.?一些研究已經(jīng)揭示了皮質(zhì)類固醇的使用與ONFH發(fā)展之間的關系[8,25,26]，也有一些研究提出了皮質(zhì)類固醇使用的特定劑量和持續(xù)時間，如在3個月內(nèi)使用超過2g與疾病發(fā)展的關系[27]，或ONFH發(fā)展患者的平均皮質(zhì)類固醇使用量為3,314mg[28]。在目前針對普通人群的大型隊列研究中，我們分析了影響ONFH發(fā)展的各種因素。與之前的研究一樣，至少使用一次皮質(zhì)類固醇和額外的皮質(zhì)類固醇累積劑量與ONFH發(fā)展的風險增加有關，當潑尼松龍累積使用1800毫克(180cDDDs)或更多時，ONFH發(fā)展的風險迅速增加。當然，與皮質(zhì)類固醇使用相關的ONFH的發(fā)展被認為不僅是由皮質(zhì)類固醇使用引起的，還包括合并癥、酒精、吸煙和遺傳因素等多種因素。由于皮質(zhì)類固醇治療通常對許多疾病至關重要，因此有必要了解在需要持續(xù)皮質(zhì)類固醇治療時ONFH風險迅速增加的累積劑量。Tothebestofourknowledge,nostudyhascomparedtheincidenceofONFHwithhigh-doseIVandoralcorticosteroidsatthesamecumulativedose.Inthepresentstudy,bothoralcorticosteroidandhigh-doseIVcorticosteroidsincreasedtheriskofdevelopingONFH,andwhencomparingtheoralandhigh-doseIVatthesamecumulativedose,oralcorticosteroidhadahigherrisk;totheAORsoforalcorticosteroidwere1.61(<180cDDDs),4.39(180to365cDDDs),6.42(365to720cDDDs),and5.44(>720cDDDs).TheAORsofhigh-doseIVcorticosteroidwere1.63(<180cDDDs),2.34(180to365cDDDs),3.77(365to720cDDDs),and2.76(>720cDDDs),respectively.Ingeneral,sincetheprednisolonepotencyoforalcorticosteroidsismuchlowerthanthatofhigh-doseIV,thedurationoforalcorticosteroidusewouldhavebeenlongerifthesamecumulativedosewasused.Montetal.reportedthatONFHoccurrencewasassociatedwithmeandailycorticosteroiddose,cumulativedose,andtreatmentduration[8].Ofcourse,ONFHoccurrenceswouldbeaffectedbygeneticsusceptibilityandexposuretovariousriskfactors,butinourstudy,weconfirmedthatmoreONFHoccurredinoralcorticosteroidswitharelativelysmalldailydoseatthesamecumulativedosecomparedtohigh-doseIVcorticosteroid,soitisassumedthatthelongertreatmentperiodofcorticosteroidisalsoassociatedwithdevelopingONFH.據(jù)我們所知，沒有研究比較相同累積劑量的高劑量靜脈注射和口服皮質(zhì)類固醇對ONFH的發(fā)生率。在本研究中，口服皮質(zhì)類固醇和高劑量靜脈注射皮質(zhì)類固醇都增加了發(fā)生ONFH的風險，并且在相同累積劑量下，口服皮質(zhì)類固醇與高劑量靜脈注射皮質(zhì)類固醇相比，風險更高;口服皮質(zhì)類固醇的AORs分別為1.61(<180cDDDs)、4.39(180~365cDDDs)、6.42(365~720cDDDs)和5.44(>720cDDDs)。高劑量靜脈注射皮質(zhì)類固醇的AORs分別為1.63(<180cDDDs)、2.34(180~365cDDDs)、3.77(365~720cDDDs)和2.76(>720cDDDs)。一般來說，由于口服皮質(zhì)類固醇的強的松龍效力遠低于高劑量靜脈注射，如果使用相同的累積劑量，口服皮質(zhì)類固醇的使用時間會更長。Mont等人報道ONFH的發(fā)生與皮質(zhì)類固醇的平均每日劑量、累積劑量和治療時間有關[8]。當然，ONFH的發(fā)生會受到遺傳易感性和暴露于各種危險因素的影響，但在我們的研究中，我們證實在相同累積劑量下，相對于高劑量靜脈注射皮質(zhì)類固醇，日劑量相對較小的口服皮質(zhì)類固醇更易發(fā)生ONFH，因此我們假設皮質(zhì)類固醇治療時間越長也與ONFH的發(fā)生有關。ItiswellknownthatahigherTGlevel,orLDLcholesterol,isanimportantriskfactorforischemicheartdiseaseandstrokebyinhibitingbloodflow,andONFHispresumedtoberelatedtoinhibitionofbloodflowtothefemoralheadinasimilarmechanism[29].Similartopreviousstudies[7,30],higherTGwasariskfactorforONFHinourstudy.Inaddition,itwasconfirmedthatLDLatlessthan100mg/dLhasaprotectiveeffectontheoccurrenceofONFH.眾所周知，較高的TG或LDL膽固醇水平通過抑制血流是缺血性心臟病和中風的重要危險因素，而ONFH被認為與股骨頭血流的抑制有類似的機制[29]。與以往的研究相似[7,30]，在我們的研究中，高TG是ONFH的危險因素。此外，還證實了低于100mg/dL的LDL對ONFH的發(fā)生有保護作用。SinceONFHoccurspredominantlyinyoungerpatientsandpreservationofthenativejointasmuchaspossibleistheprincipleoftreatment,thediseaseprogressionandprognosisareasimportantastheoccurrenceofthedisease.WeoftenseecasesofbilateralONFHdevelopmentwhereonesidehasfemoralcollapseandtheothersideremainsasymptomaticwithoutfemoralheadcollapse.Alternatively,somecaseswereasymptomaticwithoutfemoralheadcollapse,butreceivedTHA.ItisknownthattheprognosisafterONFHdevelopmentisinfluencedbyvariousfactors,anduntilnow,therehavebeenstudiesshowingthatradiologicfactorssuchasthesizeorlocationofnecrosisoracetabularanatomicalfactorshaveaneffect[1,19,31].Montetal.reportedthattheprevalenceoffemoralheadcollapsewas38%(106of282hips)inameta-analysisandvariedfrom17to73%dependingontheriskfactor[16].Inourstudy,34.3%ofpatientsunderwentTHA,anaverageof1.03±2.25yearsafterdiagnosis,similartothepreviousstudy.Althoughradiologicassessmentcouldnotbeperformed,casesthatmayhaveseengreaterphysicalloads,suchasmen,whohadahigherBMI,excessivedrinking,smoking,andahigherserumTGlevelover200mg/dL,wereassociatedwithdiseaseprogression.Inparticular,thefactorsthatincreasedtheriskofdiseaseprogressionweredifferentinmenandwomen.Wefoundthatcorticosteroidsprescribedornotandcumulativedosesofcorticosteroidswereunlikelytoaffectdiseaseprogression.由于ONFH主要發(fā)生在年輕患者中，治療原則是盡可能保留原有關節(jié)，因此疾病的進展和預后與疾病的發(fā)生同樣重要。我們經(jīng)常看到雙側(cè)ONFH發(fā)展的病例，其中一側(cè)有股骨頭塌陷，另一側(cè)無股骨頭塌陷癥狀。另外，一些病例無股骨頭塌陷癥狀，但接受了THA。眾所周知，ONFH發(fā)生后的預后受多種因素影響，迄今已有研究表明，壞死的大小或位置等放射學因素或髖臼解剖因素對ONFH的預后有影響[1,19,31]。Mont等人在一項薈萃分析中報道，股骨頭塌陷的患病率為38%(282髖中的106髖)，根據(jù)危險因素的不同，患病率從17%到73%不等[16]。在我們的研究中，34.3%的患者接受了THA，平均診斷后1.03±2.25年，與之前的研究相似。雖然無法進行放射學評估，但可能出現(xiàn)較大身體負荷的病例，如男性，BMI較高，過度飲酒，吸煙，血清TG水平高于200mg/dL，與疾病進展相關。特別是，增加疾病進展風險的因素在男性和女性中是不同的。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，開具或不開具皮質(zhì)類固醇以及皮質(zhì)類固醇的累積劑量不太可能影響疾病進展。Ourstudyhasseveralpotentiallimitationsthatshouldbeaddressedinfurtherstudies.TheONFHwasassessedbyanoperationaldefinitionusingadiagnosiscode,notbyaradiologicevaluationsuchasanx-rayorMRI.However,theincidenceofONFHinthisstudywassimilartothatinapreviousAsiangeneralpopulationstudythatdefineditusinghipjointx-raysand/orMRI[32].BecauseanaccurateselectionofONFHpatientsmaynothavebeenmade,anestedcase-controlanalysisfromapopulation-basedcohortwasperformedtoincreasetheaccuracyoftheanalysis.Additionally,usingtheNHIS-NSCdatabase,prescriptionrecordsforcorticosteroidscouldbeaccessed.However,theactualintakeofcorticosteroidsinsubjectsmightbedifferentfromtheprescriptionrecords.Fortunately,severalstudieshaveshownagoodcorrelationbetweenprescriptionsandrealexposuretodrugs[33,34].Also,wecouldnotobtaininformationabouttraumaticONFH,whichmayhaveinfluencedtheresultsofthecurrentstudy.Inaddition,wecouldnotassessotherinterventionsthatcouldaffectdyslipidemia,microvascularbloodflow,andosteogenesis,suchastheuseoflipid-loweringmedication,aspirin,antiplatelets,andanticoagulantmedication.Thisshouldbeevaluatedinfuturestudies.Furthermore,ananalysisofmultiplecomorbiditiessuchasrheumaticdisease,sicklecelldisease,humanimmunodeficiencyvirus,organtransplantation,andsoonthatcouldaffecttheoccurrenceandprognosisofONFHwasnotperformed.Inparticular,sincetheprognosisofONFHisdifferentforeachdisease,subgroupanalysisaccordingtocomorbidityisabsolutelynecessaryforfuturestudies.Additionally,weanalyzedtheassociationbetweencumulativedoseofcorticosteroidanddiseaseprogressionafterONFHdiagnosisusingcDDD,andweconfirmedthatcumulativedoseofcorticosteroiddidnotaffectdiseaseprogression.However,sincethenumberofpatientswhohave180cDDDormorewassmall,additionalanalysiswithalargernumberofpatientsmaybeneededtoobtainmoreaccurateresults.我們的研究有幾個潛在的局限性，應該在進一步的研究中加以解決。ONFH通過使用診斷代碼的操作定義進行評估，而不是通過x射線或MRI等放射學評估。然而，本研究中ONFH的發(fā)生率與先前的亞洲普通人群研究相似，該研究使用髖關節(jié)X光片和/或MRI來定義ONFH[32]。由于可能沒有對ONFH患者進行準確的選擇，因此進行了基于人群的隊列嵌套病例對照分析，以提高分析的準確性。此外，使用NHIS-NSC數(shù)據(jù)庫，可以訪問皮質(zhì)類固醇的處方記錄。然而，受試者的實際皮質(zhì)類固醇攝入量可能與處方記錄不同。幸運的是，有幾項研究表明，處方與實際接觸藥物之間存在良好的相關性[33,34]。此外，我們無法獲得有關創(chuàng)傷性ONFH的信息，這可能影響了當前研究的結(jié)果。此外，我們無法評估其他可能影響血脂異常、微血管血流和成骨的干預措施，如使用降脂藥物、阿司匹林、抗血小板和抗凝藥物。這應該在未來的研究中進行評估。此外，對風濕病、鐮狀細胞病、人類免疫缺陷病毒、器官移植等可能影響ONFH發(fā)生和預后的多重合并癥未進行分析。特別是，由于每種疾病的預后不同，因此根據(jù)合并癥進行亞組分析對于未來的研究是絕對必要的。此外，我們分析了使用cDDD診斷ONFH后皮質(zhì)類固醇累積劑量與疾病進展之間的關系，我們證實皮質(zhì)類固醇累積劑量不影響疾病進展。然而，由于cDDD≥180的患者數(shù)量較少，因此可能需要對更多患者進行額外分析，以獲得更準確的結(jié)果。?ConclusionLowhouseholdincome,diabetes,hypertension,dyslipidemia,heavyalcoholicswhoconsumedalcoholmorethan3daysaweek,serumTGlevelsof200mg/dLormore,andoralorhigh-doseIVcorticosteroiduseareassociatedwithONFHdevelopment.Specifically,theriskofONFHincreasedrapidlywhencumulativeprednisoloneusewas1,800mgormore.However,oralorhigh-doseIVcorticosteroiduseandcumulativedosedidnotaffecttheprognosisofONFH.SincethedevelopmentandprognosisofONFHarecomplexandmultifactorialprocesses,furtherstudyisneeded.低收入家庭、糖尿病、高血壓、血脂異常、每周飲酒超過3天的重度酗酒者、血清TG水平≥200mg/dL、口服或高劑量靜脈注射皮質(zhì)類固醇與ONFH的發(fā)生有關。具體來說，當累積使用強的松龍超過1800毫克時，ONFH的風險迅速增加。然而，口服或高劑量靜脈注射皮質(zhì)類固醇和累積劑量對ONFH的預后沒有影響。由于ONFH的發(fā)展和預后是一個復雜的多因素過程，需要進一步研究。