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曾紀洲主任醫(yī)師 北京潞河醫(yī)院 骨關節(jié)外科 全膝關節(jié)置換術后股骨遠端假體周圍骨折的治療(2020)TheTreatmentofPeriprostheticDistalFemoralFracturesAfterTotalKneeReplacement?QuinziDA,ChildsS,LipofJS,SoinSP,RicciardiBF.TheTreatmentofPeriprostheticDistalFemoralFracturesAfterTotalKneeReplacement:ACriticalAnalysisReview[J].JBJSRev,2020,8(9):e2000003.轉載文章的原鏈接1：https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33151645/轉載文章的原鏈接2：https://journals.lww.com/jbjsreviews/abstract/2020/09000/the_treatment_of_periprosthetic_distal_femoral.5.aspx?Abstract??Periprostheticdistalfemoralfractureaftertotalkneearthroplastycarriessubstantialmorbidityandmortalityregardlessoffixationtechnique.??Surgicaltreatmentisfavoredinmostpatientscomparedwithconservativetherapybecauseofhighratesofnonunion,malunion,andreoperationaftercastingorbracing.??Internalfixationtechniquesincludingretrogradeintramedullarynailingandlockedplatingarefavoredforsurgicaltreatmentinmostfractureswhenbonestockinthedistalfragmentallowsforappropriatefixation.??Inthesettingofdeficientdistalfemoralbonestockorfemoralcomponentloosening,revisionarthroplastywithdistalfemoralreplacementisthefavoredtechnique.??Furtherstudieswithregardtotheuseofintramedullarynailing,lockedplating,anddistalfemoralreplacementarenecessarytorefinetheindicationsforeachtechniqueandtodefinetheuseofcombinationsofthesefixationtechniques.無論采用何種固定技術，全膝關節(jié)置換術后股骨遠端假體周圍骨折的發(fā)病率和死亡率都很高。與保守治療相比，手術治療在大多數(shù)患者中更受青睞，因為手術治療的不愈合、不愈合率高，并且在鑄造或支具后再次手術。內固定技術包括逆行髓內釘和鎖定鋼板，在大多數(shù)骨折的手術治療中，當遠端碎片的骨量允許適當?shù)墓潭〞r，首選內固定技術。在股骨遠端骨缺損或股骨假體松動的情況下，股骨遠端置換術的翻修關節(jié)成形術是首選的技術。有必要進一步研究髓內釘、鎖定鋼板和股骨遠端置換術的應用，以完善每種技術的適應癥，并確定這些固定技術的組合使用。?EpidemiologyPeriprostheticfractureisoneofthemostcommoncomplicationsaftertotalkneearthroplasty,withratesof0.3%to3.5%inthefirst4yearsafterthesurgicalprocedure1,2.Periprostheticsupracondylardistalfemoralfractureisthemostcommontypeofperiprostheticfractureaftertotalkneearthroplasty3.Thesefracturestypicallyoccuringeriatricpatientswithosteoporosis,withameanageof.70yearsandanincidenceoffemalepatientsof.70%inmoststudies4-6.Thesefracturesresultinsubstantialmortalityandmorbidity,withstudiesshowingamortalityrateofapproximately15%at1yearafterthesurgicalprocedure4,5.Despiteadvancesinimplantdesignandknowledgeoffracturemanagement,subsequentratesoflossofambulatoryindependence,needforsurgicalfixation,andpostoperativecomplicationsallremainhighinthispatientpopulation.Changesinfracturefixationdevicesandtotalkneereplacementdesign,particularlytheintercondylarbox,havechangedthewaythesefracturesaremanagedinthepast2decades;however,thereisstillconsiderablecontroversyastotheoptimalmethodstoaddresstheseinjuries.Thepurposeofourcriticalanalysisreviewwastopresentthecurrentconceptsoffracturefixationandprostheticreplacementmethodsforperiprostheticdistalfemoralfractureandprovideevidence-basedrecommendationsontheirmanagement.?ClassificationAnumberofclassificationsystemshavebeenutilizedtostandardizethedescriptionofperiprostheticdistalfemoralfractures,andmoststudieshaveutilizedclassificationsbySuetal.,RorabeckandTaylor,ortheOTA/AOtodescribethesefractures(TableI)7,8.Themostimportantconceptsfromtheseclassificationsystemswithregardtothetreatmentofthesefracturesarethepresenceofdisplacementorcomminution,theamountandqualityofavailablebonestockinthedistalfragment,andthepresenceofawell-fixedorloosefemoralcomponent.??TABLEICommonClassificationSystemstoDescribePeriprostheticDistalFemoralFractureAfterTKA7.SuET,KubiakEN,DewalH,HiebertR,DiCesarePE.Aproposedclassificationofsupracondylarfemurfracturesabovetotalkneearthroplasties.JArthroplasty.2006Apr;21(3):405-8.?NonoperativeManagementNonoperativemanagementofperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturesiscurrentlyreservedfornondisplacedfracturesinotherwisenonambulatorypatients,thoseunsuitableforanesthesia,orthosewithwound-healingriskfactorstoogreattoundergoasurgicalprocedure9.Fracturesinthiscohortofpatientsmaybeduetofallsorevenlower-energyeventssuchastransfersassistedbystafforfamilymembers.Nonoperativemanagementmaybeundertakenwiththeuseofahingedkneebraceorcasting.Patientswhoundergoacourseofnonoperativemanagementmustbecloselyfollowedradiographicallytoensurethatthefracturedoesnothaveprogressivedisplacement,whichcanresultinskincompromise,andcloseclinicalfollow-upisnecessarytodecreasethelikelihoodofskinbreakdownorulcerationbeneaththeimmobilizationdevice.Historicalstudiesofnonoperativemanagementforperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturesconsistedofcastingorfunctionalbracingwithorwithouttractionorclosedreduction9-11.Despitetheadvantagesofavoidingasurgicalprocedurewithnonoperativemanagement,nonunionsoccurinupto12%to40%ofcases,andhighratesofsubsequentsurgicalproceduresofbetween15%and30%havebeenreportedwithnonoperativetreatment,includingforimplant-relatedcomplicationsrequiringprostheticexchange,malunion,andnonunion,whichisgreaterthanformodernmethodsofinternalfixation9-12.Additionally,theclosedreductionofdisplacedfracturesresultsinhighratesofmalunion,particularlyinvarusalignment,whichoccurredinthemajorityofpatientstreatedwiththismethod9,11.Eveninthesettingofaminimallydisplacedfracture,nonoperativetreatmentcanresultinanincreasedriskofarthrofibrosis,withmanypatientslosingrangeofmotionaftertreatmentandhavingprogressivedisplacementovertime13.Giventheserisksandpoorresultsfromstudiesofnonoperativemanagement,mostpatientsundergosurgicalfixationfortheseinjuries.?OperativeTreatmentOperativetreatmentremainstheprimarymethodoftreatingperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturesinthesettingofTKA.Theaimsofoperativemanagement,comparedwithnonoperativetreatmentwithcastingorbracing,aretoallowforearlymobilizationandtopreventlatedisplacement.Internalfixationremainsthemostcommonmethodofsurgicaltreatment,andexternalfixationisrarelyusedinthesettingofclosedfracturesbecauseoftheriskofinfectionandtheneedforkneejointimmobilization.Advancesinimplanttechnologyandapplicationofinternalfixationprincipleshaveimprovedtheoverallmanagementofthisfracturepattern14.Bothplate-and-screwconstructsand/orintramedullarynailconstructshavebeenusedwithvaryingdegreesofsuccess.?Plate-and-ScrewFixationOpenreductionandinternalfixation(ORIF)withplate-and-screwfixationhasbecomeroutineinthemanagementofperiprostheticdistalfemoralfractures.Earlierstudiessuccessfullyutilizedconventionalplatingtechniquesconsistingmostlyoffixed-angledevicesordynamiccondylarscrewstoimproveunionrates,toreducetheincidenceofmalunion,andtoacceleratetheadvancementofpost-treatmentambulatorystatuscomparedwithconservativetreatment13.Despitethisadvance,ratesoffailurewithconventionalfixationoccurredbetween7%and15%ofcases15.Additionally,ahighincidenceofbone-graftingwasneededwithconventionalplating(.50%insomeseries),andconventionalplatingneededmoreextensilesurgicalapproachescomparedwiththelessinvasiveapproachesachievablewithnewerplatedesigns15,16.BecauseoftheelderlypatientpopulationandpoorbonequalityproximaltoaTKR,internalfixationtechniquesthatareanalternativetoconventionalplatinghavebeensoughtinrecentyears.Thedevelopmentoflockingplatesallowedforaminimallyinvasiveapplicationofafixed-angleconstructforthedistalfragmentwithmanypointsoffixation,whichwasanimprovementoverpreexistingfractureplates(Fig.1)14,15.Additionally,lockedplatesallowedforbothrigidandbridgingtechniquesforthemetaphysealordiaphysealfracturecomponentandcanbeplacedutilizingminimallyinvasive,soft-tissue-sparingtechniques,although,inosteoporoticbonewithextensivecomminution,abridgingconstructismostsuccessful14,17,18.Thesurgicaltechniquecandictatewhethertheload-bearingconstructwillprovideabsoluteorrelativestabilitybasedonthetypeofscrews(lockingcomparedwithnonlocking),thespreadofscrews,andadjunctstotheplatesuchaslagscrewsandcables.Furthermore,inosteoporoticbone,lockingscrewoptionscanimprovefixationcomparedwithnonlockingscrewsandcanallowtheindirectreductionofthemetaphyseal-diaphysealjunctionandperiarticularfragments.Plate-and-screwconstructsalsohavetheabilitytobridgethefemur,decreasingthechanceofastress-riserbetweenipsilateraltotalhipreplacementstemsandsupracondylardistalfemoralfractures19.Inaddition,inverydistalfractures(e.g.,SuTypeIII),dual-platingconstructscanalsobeconsideredformorerigidfixationandearlymobilization20.??Fig.1Figs.1-Athrough1-ERadiographsshowingthemanagementofaSuType-Iperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturewithalockedplate:preoperativeanteroposterior(Fig.1-A)andlateral(Fig.1-B)viewsandpostoperativeanteroposteriorviews(Figs.1-Cand1-D)andlateralview(Fig.1-E).??IntramedullaryNailFixationAnotheroptionfortreatingperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturesisintramedullaryfixationwithantegradeorretrogradeintramedullarynail.Retrogradeintramedullarynailsareusedmorefrequentlybecausetheyhavemorereliablefixationinthedistalfemoralsegmentcomparedwithantegradenailswithlimiteddistallockingoptionsandscrewspread21.Theindicationforaretrogradeintramedullarynailinthissettingisawell-fixedimplantwithanopenboxthatwillaccommodateanappropriatestartingpointandnoipsilateraltotalhipreplacement(Fig.2).Comparedwiththeload-bearinglockingandnonlockingplates,theload-sharingintramedullarynailallowsforsecondarybone-healingthroughcallusformationandearlyweight-bearinginlength-stablefracturepatterns13.Otherbenefitsofretrogradeintramedullarynailsincludelimitedsurgicalexposure,minimalsoft-tissuestripping,andrelativeeaseofplacement21.Theuseofthistechniqueisrestrictedonthebasisofthepatient’spreexistingimplantdesignandpresenceofanipsilateraltotalhipreplacement21,22.Kneereplacementcomponentswithaclosedboxorposteriornotcharenotcompatiblewithretrogradeintramedullarynails,althoughmostmodernimplantshaveopen-boxdesigns23.InaSawbonesmodeltosimulateaperiprostheticfractureinatotalkneereplacement,itwastechnicallyfeasibletoplacethemajorityofretrogradeintramedullarynaildesignsthroughmanyofthemostcommonlyusedtotalkneereplacementdesigns;however,thisoftenresultedinexcessforceneededforinsertionanddamagetothenailasitpassesthroughtheimplantbox24.Additionally,mosttotalkneereplacementdesignsresultinnailinsertioninamoreposteriorstartingpointthaninanativekneeduetotheprostheticdesign,whichcarriesariskofanteriorcorticalperforationandextensiondeformity,whichishigherincruciate-retainingdesignscomparedwithposteriorstabilizeddesigns22,24.Pelfortetal.founda23%incidenceofanextensiondeformityof.10°withtheuseofretrogradeintramedullarynailsforperiprostheticdistalfemoralfractures;however,thisdidnotaffectradiographicunion,totalkneereplacementloosening,orpatient-reportedfunctioncomparedwiththosewithoutthisdeformityataminimumfollow-upof4years25.Anotherdisadvantageofretrogradeintramedullarynailsisachievingadequatefixationinfracturesdistaltotheanteriorflangeofthefemoralimplant.Thismaybedifficultwitharetrogradeintramedullarynailduetomorelimitedscrewoptions,andatleast2lockedscrewsshouldbeusedinthedistalfragmenttoreducetheriskofnonunionandimplantfailure26,27.??Fig.2Figs.2-Athrough2-DRadiographsshowingthemanagementofaSuType-Iperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturewitharetrogradeintramedullarynail:preoperativeanteroposterior(Fig.2-A)andlateral(Fig.2-B)viewsandpostoperativeanteroposterior(Fig.2-C)andlateral(Fig.2-D)views.??CombinedIntramedullaryNailandPlate-and-ScrewConstructsRecently,increasedinterestincombinedlockingplateandintramedullaryfixationtechniquesbyeithercorticalallograftornail-platecombinationconstructshavebeenproposed.Biomechanicalstudieshavesuggestedthatalockedplatewithsupplementalintramedullaryfixationmayhavehighertorsionalstiffnessandlessmicromotionthanotherconstructs(Fig.3)28.LiporaceandYoonpreviouslypublishedtheirrecommendedstep-by-steptechniqueforimplementingthenail-platecombinationstrategyinfracturesmeetingsurgicalcriteria29.Theprocedureisinitiatedbyplacementofaretrogradeintramedullarynailthroughamidline,lateralparapatellarapproachwithsubluxationofthepatellaofsplittingthepatellartendon.Thishelpstorestorethetypicalrecurvatumdeformityandestablishfracturelength,alignment,androtation.Next,thelateralplatelengthisdeterminedwithfluoroscopicassistance,withtheproximalendstoppingatthebaseofthelessertrochanter.Platesareplacedviathetypicalsubmusculartechniqueusingthesamedistalincisionusedfornailplacement.Afterappropriateplatepositioning,distallockedscrewsarethenplaced,wheretypically1ofthevariableanglescrewscanbeinterlockedintothenail,unitizingthedistalportionoftheconstruct.Inselectpatients,surgeonscanchoosetobendtheproximalportionoftheplatetoallowforplacementofnonlockingscrewsintothefemoralneck,whichserveasbothprophylacticfixationaswellasplatereductionaids29??Fig.3Figs.3-Athrough3-DRadiographsshowingthemanagementofaSuType-IIperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturewithacombinationofalockedplatewithanintramedullarynail:preoperativeanteroposteriorview(Fig.3-A)andpostoperativeanteroposteriorviews(Figs.3-Band3-C)andlateralview(Fig.3-D).??Thesuggestedbenefitofnail-platecombinationcomparedwithsingle-implantconstructsisearlierreturntoweight-bearingandmobilizationforhighlycomminutedlength-unstablefracturepatternsthattraditionallywouldbetreatedwithlockedplatingandprotectedweight-bearing30,31.Althoughadvantageousinpreventingmorbidityassociatedwithprolongedperiodsoflimitedweight-bearing,theprocedureexposespatientstoextendedsurgicaltimeandcost.Thereisarelativepaucityofliteratureregardingthistreatmentalgorithm;however,itremainsanexcitingprospectforpatientsappropriateforandamenabletofixation30,31?DistalFemoralReplacementProstheticreplacementisanothersurgicaloptionforperiprostheticdistalfemoralfractures.Theseinjuriestypicallyoccurinolder,medicallycomplexpatientswhoareunabletotolerateprolongedbedrestorweight-bearingrestrictions.Thetreatmentofthesepatientswithrevisionarthroplastyordistalfemoralreplacementhasbeenproposedtoallowearlymobilizationandweight-bearingwithouttheneedforbone-healing,whichmaybeadvantageousinthispatientpopulation.Limited,smallcaseserieshavedescribedrevisionarthroplastywithalong-stemtotalkneearthroplastyrevisioncomponentwithoutfemoralresection,whichmaybeanoptioninthesettingofaloosecomponentandpreservedcollateralligaments18.Mostcasesofarthroplastyforperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturesinvolvedistalfemoralreplacement,whichconsistsoftheresectionoftheentiresupracondylarfemurproximaltothefracturesiteandreplacementwithahingedtotalkneeprosthesis(Fig.4).Inpriorstudies,authorshaverecommendeddistalfemoralreplacementinthesettingofperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturesinthepresenceofseverelycompromisedbonequality,osteolysisorlooseningofthefemoralcomponent,lossoftheintegrityofthecollateralligaments,periprostheticfractureinthepresenceofarevisionfemoralcomponentorpreviousdistalfemoralreplacement,anddeficientdistalfemoralbonestock(typicallySuType-IIIfractures)32.Thebenefitsofadistalfemoralreplacementincludetheimmediaterestorationoflower-extremityalignmentandstability,relativelyshortoperativetimes,andimmediateweight-bearingwithlessrestriction33-38.Additionally,distalfemoralreplacementinthispopulationavoidsconcernsofmalunionornon-unionsecondarytoimpairedhealing.Concernsaboutdistalfemoralreplacementincludehighimplantcost,riskofimplantfailure,extensormechanismcomplications,andsoft-tissuecompromiseincludingperiprostheticjointinfection32-38.??Fig.4Figs.4-Athrough4-DRadiographsshowingthemanagementofaSuType-IIIperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturewithadistalfemoralreplacement:preoperativeanteroposterior(Fig.4-A)andlateral(Fig.4-B)viewsandpostoperativeanteroposterior(Fig.4-C)andlateral(Fig.4-D)views.??Distalfemoralreplacementisperformedthroughasimilarapproachtotheindexsurgicalprocedure,typicallyanextensilemidlineoroccasionallylateral-basedincision.Thefemurandtibiaaresubperiosteallyexposedtotheleveloftheintendedresection.Theapproximatelengthofthedistalpartofthefemurtoberesectedismeasuredandismatchedtoanavailable,appropriateimplantlength.Implantsizingcanbeapproximatedbytheexplantedtibialcomponentandfemoralresection.Femoralrotationcanbechallengingtoreproduceandcanbeestimatedtomatchtheexistingimplantifthefracturecanbeapproximatedanatomicallyorcanbeestimatedtobedirectlyanteriortothelineaaspera.Thedistalfemoralcomponentandboneareremovedenblocifpossible,takingcaretomaintainasubperiostealdissectionposteriorlytoavoidneurovascularinjury.Theresidualproximalpartofthefemurisosteotomizedperpendiculartotheshaftandisreamedtoaccommodatetheappropriatestemsizeandfixationtype39.Thetibiaisexposedandthepreexistingimplantisremoved,preservingasmuchboneaspossible.Thetibiaispreparedaccordingtotheimplanttechnique.Theuseofcementlessdesignscomparedwithcementedstemsiscontroversial,withstudiessuggestingoverallsimilarintermediate-termsurvivorshipinthesettingofnononcologicreconstructionbutincreasedratesofearlyasepticlooseningonthefemoralsidewithcementlessdesigns,especiallyinthesettingofoncologicreconstruction40-42.NewercementlessimplantdesignssuchastheCompressCompliantPre-Stressimplant(Biomet),whichrelyoncompressionatthesiteofthefemoralresection,mayimprovetheoutcomesofcementlessfixation,butneedmorestudieswithlonger-termfollow-up43.Appropriatetrialsareplacedwithafocusonreproducingintraoperativelengthbasedonmaintainingappropriatesoft-tissuetensionwhileavoidingexcessivelengtheningtoavoidstressonneurovascularstructuresandoptimizingpatellartracking.?OutcomesofSurgicalTreatmentLockedPlateOutcomesutilizinglockedplatinghavebeenlargelypositiveandthesehavebecomefavoredoverconventionalplatingtechniques.Studiesoflockedplatinghavedemonstratedhighunionrateswithconsistentlylowercomplications,includingtheneedforrepeatsurgicalintervention,comparedwithconventionalplatingtechniquesandnonoperativetreatment12-14,30,44-51.Conventionalplatingshouldbelimitedtocaseswithsimplefracturepatternsandgoodbonestockproximalanddistaltothefracturesite,suchasinthesettingofasimplelateralormedialcondyleperioperativefracture.Systematicreviewsofperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturestreatedwithlockedplatinghaveshownnonunionratesof5%to13%andmalunionratesofaround5%followingperiprostheticdistalfemoralfractures12,44,52.Theredoesnotappeartobeadifferenceinunionratesbetweendifferentlockedplatedesignswithregardtopolyaxialcomparedwithmonoaxiallockingscrews48.ArandomizedcontrolledtrialcomparedtheoutcomesofORIFwithpolyaxialandmonoaxiallockingscrewsinperiarticularlockingplatesandfoundnodifferenceintheunionratesutilizingthese2differentconstructsandcitedrespectoflocalfracturebiologyandAOprinciplesasbeingmoreimportantfactorsrelatedtounion48.Evenwithsuccessfulfractureunion,periprostheticdistalfemoralfracturescarrysubstantialmorbidityandmortalityforpatientsinadditiontolossoffunctionalindependence.Oneofthemostdevastatingcomplicationsthatoccursafterlockedplatingofperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturesisdeepinfection,whichoccursinupto5%ofcases12,52.Mortalityrateshavebeenreportedtobeupto15%to25%after6months,andahigherCharlsonComorbidityIndexandolderageareassociatedwithahigherrateofmortality50,53,54.Postoperativelossorimpairmentofambulatorystatusisalsocommonafterlockedplatingforperiprostheticdistalfemoralfractures,withupto30%ofpreviouslyambulatorypatientsincreasingtheirneedforassistivedevicescomparedwiththeirpreoperativestatus,andthemajorityofpatientsrequiringsometypeofassistivedeviceafterthesurgicalprocedure5,54.?IntramedullaryNailWithregardtoretrogradeintramedullarynails,asimilarlyhighrateofsuccesshasbeenshowninselectpatternsandanaccommodatingtotalkneeimplant.Whencomparedwithconventionalplating,retrogradeintramedullarynailsappeartohavesuperiorratesofunionandlowerratesofreoperation.Herreraetal.conductedasystematicreviewof415casesofdistalfemoralperiprostheticfractureandfoundarelativeriskreductionof87%fornonunionand70%fortheneedforarevisionsurgicalprocedurewithretrogradeintramedullarynailscomparedwithtraditionalnonlockedplatingmethods(1.5%withretrogradeintramedullarynailscomparedwith12%withconventionplatingnonunionrate)12.Intramedullaryfixationrequireslesssurgicaldissectionandsoft-tissuestripping,whichmayprovideanadvantagewithregardtoinfectionrates.Therateofdeepinfectionwaslowwiththeuseofretrogradeintramedullarynailscomparedwiththatwithotherplatingtechniques(0%in65casescomparedwith5.7%withconventionalplating)12.Whencomparingretrogradeintramedullarynailswithlockedplating,moststudieshavenotconsistentlyfoundsignificantdifferencesinunionrateandreoperations12,14,44,49,52,55,56.Intheirsystematicreviewof719fractures,Ristevskietal.notedthatbothretrogradeintramedullarynailsandlockedplatingofferedadvantagesovernonoperativemanagement,andnosignificantdifferencebetweenthe2withregardtonon-unionratesortheneedforsecondarysurgicalprocedures,althoughatrendtowardimprovedunionrateswithretrogradeintramedullarynailswasfound44.Incontrast,therateofmalunionwassignificantlyincreasedwiththeuseofretrogradeintramedullarynails(16%)comparedwithlockedplates(8%)44.Inasystematicreview,Ebraheimetal.foundthatoverallunionratesweresimilarbetweenlockedplatesandretrogradeintramedullarynails,withoverallhealingratesof87%comparedwith84%inRorabeckandTaylortype-IIfractures52.Overallcomplicationswerehigherwithretrogradeintramedullarynails,withincreasedratesofmalunioncomparedwithlockedplates52.Infectionrateswere1%intheretrogradeintramedullarynailgroupcomparedwith4%intheconventionalplatinggroupinRorabeckandTaylortype-IIfractures52.Houetal.,intheircohortof52patients,foundasimilartimetounionof3.7monthsforretrogradeintramedullarynailscomparedwith4.0monthsforlockedplatingandnodifferenceinunionrates50.Inanothersystemicreview,Shinetal.foundsimilarratesofnonunionandmalunioninbothretrogradeintramedullarynailsandlockedplating49.?CombinedLockedPlateandIntramedullaryFixationAugmentationofplatefixationwithintramedullarystructuralallograftorintramedullarynailfixationhasshownfavorableresultsinlimitedstudies.Christetal.reportedonacohortof40patientswithperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturestreatedwithORIFwithorwithoutendostealaugmentationwithfibularstrutallograft.Theyfoundahighrateofunionof94%,withnodifferenceinratesofunionwhencomparingthosewhoreceivedfibularallograftwiththosewhodidnot57.Hussainetal.reportedontheirseriesof9patientstreatedwitharetrogradeintramedullarynailandsoft-tissue-preservinglaterallockingplate(withoutinterfragmentarycompressionscrews,cables,orbone-grafting)withimmediatepostoperativeweight-bearing.Intheircohort,allpatientsachievedunionatameanof20weekswithoutareturntotheoperatingroomforasecondaryprocedure30.Althoughthesecasereportsandthesurgicaltechniquehavebeenreportedintheliterature,long-termoutcomesstudiescomparingnail-platecompositewithsinglesurgicaltechniquesarenotyetavailable31,45.Nevertheless,itremainsanintriguingandexcitingtechniqueforaskilledsurgeon.?DistalFemoralReplacementMoststudiesexaminingoutcomesofdistalfemoralreplacementperformedinthesettingofperiprostheticdistalfemoralfractureshavesmallpatientnumbers,withmostseriesincluding,20patients,multiplenononcologicindicationsfordistalfemoralreplacementwithinthestudy,andawiderangeofreportedoutcomeswithshort-termfollow-up32-39,58-65.Distalfemoralreplacementissuccessfulatrelievingpainandreestablishingkneerangeofmotionconsistentlyacrossstudies;however,functionaloutcomeshaveawidereportedrange.Moststudieshaveshowngoodrestorationofkneerangeofmotion(consistentlyachievinga90°to105°arcofmotion),appropriatepainrelief,KneeSocietyclinicalscoresof71to91points,andmeanOxfordkneescoresof22to27points(range,4to40points)4,32,33,36,58,59,61,64.Importantly,morbidityandmortalityofpatientswithperiprostheticdistalfemoralfracturesshouldnotbeoverlooked,especiallyinthesettingoffailure.Similartostudiesutilizinglockedplates,recentstudieshaveshown1-yearmortalityratesbetween5.8%and33%59,60,63.Complicationsofdistalfemoralreplacementincludingperiprostheticfracture,asepticloosening,extensormechanismcomplications,andperiprostheticjointinfectionhavebeenreportedin15%to30%ofcasesoverashort-termtointermediate-termfollow-upperiodinmostseriesfornononcologicindications35-37,39,58-65.Becauseofsmallstudysizesindistalfemoralreplacementforperiprostheticdistalfemoralfractures,complicationratesvarydependingonthestudy.Periprostheticfracturehasbeenreportedwitharateof1%to18%andiscommonlyassociatedwiththefragilenatureoftheseelderlypatients,manyofwhommeetthefragilityfractureclassificationbasedonWorldHealthOrganizationcriteria58.Infectioninthesettingofdistalfemoralreplacementhasbeenattributedtosoft-tissuecompromisefrompriorsurgicalprocedures,moreextensiveexposures,longeroperativetimes,andhigherpatientcomorbidityprofiles62.Infectionrateshavebeenreportedtobeaslowas0%to10%andashighas20%insomeseries,althoughthisriskishighestfordistalfemoralreplacementinthesettingofasepticlooseningorpreviousperiprostheticjointinfection36,61-63,65.Asepticlooseningisariskforprostheticreplacementbutnotforplatefixation.Wylesetal.foundthatthatthecumulativerateofasepticlooseningafterdistalfemoralreplacementforperiprostheticdistalfemoralfractureswas10%at5yearsdespitethelow-demandpopulationthattypicallyundergoesthisprocedureforperiprostheticdistalfemoralfractures63.Shorterstemlengthcomparedwithtotalconstructlengthmayincreasethisrisk63.Patellofemoralcomplicationsreportedafterdistalfemoralreplacementareincreasedcomparedwithconventionaltotalkneearthroplastyandincludeinstabilityormaltracking,patellarimpingement,andfracture.Carefulattentiontofemoralandtibialcomponentrotationandlateralsoft-tissuereleasewhennecessaryareimportanttoreducemaltracking,whichmayoccurin.10%to15%ofpatientsundergoingdistalfemoralreplacement66-69.Patellabajaiscommonafterdistalfemoralreplacementandmayleadtoprostheticimpingement,althoughitmaynothaveasubstantialeffectonfunctionaloutcomes68,69.Treatmentofthepatellaindistalfemoralreplacementhasnotbeenextensivelyinvestigated;however,Etchebehereetal.didnotfindadifferenceinpatellofemoralcomplicationsoranteriorkneepainwithunresurfacedcomparedwithresurfacedpatellaeafterdistalfemoralreplacementforbenignormalignantbonetumors,withsimilarratesofanteriorkneepain(around25%ofpatients)67.Theroleofpatellectomyisnotclearfrompreviousliterature,althoughitremainsasalvageoptionforcasesinwhichthepatellacannotberesurfacedoralignedappropriately.?LockedPlateComparedwithDistalFemoralReplacementComparingtheoutcomesoflockedplatingwiththoseofdistalfemoralreplacement,nonrandomizedretrospectivecohortstudieshaverevealednoconsistentchangesinpostoperativemobilitystatus,similarreoperationrates,andsimilar90and365-daymortalityrates,regardlessoftreatment4,34,66,70-73.Overall,regardlessofthetreatmentmodality,ageatthetimeoftheinjuryismorepredictiveoffunctionalstatusthandistalfemoralreplacementcomparedwithORIF,withpatients.85yearsofagehavingtheworstfunctionaloutcomes72.Furthermore,withregardtocost,patientsmanagedwithdistalfemoralreplacementcomparedwithfixationwithlockedplatingorretrogradeintramedullarynailshadasimilartotalcost,astheincreasedcostofthedistalfemoralreplacementimplantwasbalancedbythedecreasedoveralllengthofstaythatthesepatientsexperienced74.Recently,Darrithetal.foundhigherKneeSocietyfunctionalscoreswithORIF;however,therewasahigheroverallincidenceofrevisionsinthiscohortcomparedwithdistalfemoralreplacement66.Thebenefitsofdistalfemoralreplacementincludeimmediateweight-bearingandlessrestrictedmobilizationalongwithappropriatepainreliefandkneerangeofmotion.Despitethis,distalfemoralreplacementisacomplexsurgicaloptionthatposesuniquerisks,causingmanysurgeonstolabelitasasalvagedevice.Complicationratesarerelativelysimilarbetweenthe2groups;nonunionormalunionandinfectionweremorecommoninORIF,andinfection,patellofemoralcomplications,andasepticlooseningweremorecommonindistalfemoralreplacement4,34,54,66,70-73,75.UnlikeafailedORIF,whichcanbesalvagedwithdistalfemoralreplacement,afaileddistalfemoralreplacementcanbedifficulttosalvage,withincreasingbonelossduringrepeatoperationsandsubstantialsoft-tissuecompromiseinthesettingofinfection.Asaresult,webelievethatthecurrentevidencesupportsdistalfemoralreplacementprimarilyforelderly,sedentarypatientsandfracturesthatprecludeinternalfixation,includingcaseswithalooseimplantorminimaldistalperiprostheticbonestock61.?ConclusionsPeriprostheticdistalfemoralfracturescarrysubstantialmorbidityandmortalityregardlessoffixationtechnique.OurrecommendationsforcarearesummarizedinTableII.Surgicaltreatmentisfavoredinmostpatientscomparedwithnonoperativetherapybecauseofhighratesofnonunion,malunion,andreoperationaftercastingorbracing.Internalfixationtechniquesincludingretrogradeintramedullarynailsandlockedplatingarefavoredforthesurgicaltreatmentofmostfractureswhenthebonestockinthedistalfragmentallowsforappropriatefixation.Inthesettingofdeficientdistalfemoralbonestockorimplantloosening,revisionarthroplastywithdistalfemoralreplacementisthefavoredtechnique.Furtherstudieswithregardtotheuseofretrogradeintramedullarynails,lockedplating,ordistalfemoralreplacementarenecessarytorefinetheindicationsforeachtechniqueandtodefinetheuseofcombinationsofthesefixationtechniques.無論采用何種固定技術，股骨遠端假體周圍骨折的發(fā)病率和死亡率都很高。表二總結了我們的護理建議。與非手術治療相比，手術治療在大多數(shù)患者中更受青睞，因為手術治療的不愈合、不愈合率高，而且在鑄造或支具后再手術的幾率也高。內固定技術包括逆行髓內釘和鎖定鋼板，在大多數(shù)骨折的手術治療中，當遠端碎片的骨量允許適當?shù)墓潭〞r，首選內固定技術。在股骨遠端骨缺損或假體松動的情況下，股骨遠端置換術的翻修關節(jié)成形術是首選的技術。有必要進一步研究逆行髓內釘、鎖定鋼板或股骨遠端置換術的使用，以完善每種技術的適應癥，并確定這些固定技術的組合使用。??TABLEIIRecommendationsforManagementofPeriprostheticDistalFemoralFracturesAfterTotalKneeArthroplastyAccordingtoWright76,gradeAindicatesgoodevidence(Level-Istudieswithconsistentfindings)fororagainstrecommendingintervention;gradeB,fairevidence(Level-IIorIIIstudieswithconsistentfindings)fororagainstrecommendingintervention;gradeC,poor-qualityevidence(Level-IVorVstudieswithconsistentfindings)fororagainstrecommendingintervention;andgradeI,insufficientorconflictingevidencenotallowingarecommendationfororagainstintervention.2024年08月09日
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鄧楨翰副主任醫(yī)師 溫州醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院 關節(jié)外科 ????當前，由于各種原因引起的晚期膝關節(jié)疾患已成為造成中老年人致殘的主要原因。而人工膝關節(jié)置換是目前在全球廣泛開展的一項治療晚期膝關節(jié)疾患的手術方式，是緩解關節(jié)疼痛和恢復功能的有效手段。1、人工膝關節(jié)置換是什么樣的手術?需要截掉整個膝關節(jié)嗎？????想要了解人工膝關節(jié)置換，需要先了解膝關節(jié)的結構。膝關節(jié)是人體最大且最復雜的關節(jié)。膝關節(jié)的主要結構包括股骨下端、脛骨上端、及髕骨關節(jié)面。當膝關節(jié)由于各種原因,如晚期膝骨關節(jié)炎、類風濕關節(jié)炎等，導致關節(jié)顯著破壞，并出現(xiàn)疼痛、活動障礙等癥狀，通過藥物、理療等手段醫(yī)治無效時，則可以考慮接受人工膝關節(jié)置換手術。?圖1膝關節(jié)骨關節(jié)炎晚期，關節(jié)間隙變窄，骨贅形成????人工膝關節(jié)置換，又稱為“人工膝關節(jié)表面置換”、“膝關節(jié)表面置換術”，通常指全膝關節(jié)置換。顧名思義，即用人工的膝關節(jié)表面（又稱“假體”）替換掉人自身“壞掉”的膝關節(jié)表面。手術醫(yī)生在術中會去掉病人自身已經(jīng)嚴重磨損的關節(jié)表面軟骨及部分軟骨下骨，再使用特殊的“膠水”——骨水泥，使假體與病人自身的股骨和脛骨可靠地固定在一起（目前也有非骨水泥型的人工膝關節(jié)，但尚未廣泛推廣使用）。2.?人工關節(jié)是什么材料做的？可以用一輩子嗎？????目前人工膝關節(jié)的材料多為鈷鉻鉬合金和高分子聚乙烯襯墊制作。????人工關節(jié)作為一種器官替代物，就像人體本身的膝關節(jié)一樣，必然存在磨損的問題。目前的人工假體使用壽命一般為20年左右。不過這只是一個估算的使用壽命，對于每個個體而言，假體的使用壽命還與體重、日常活動量、感染外傷等多種因素有關。當假體出現(xiàn)嚴重磨損或松動時，則需要進行“膝關節(jié)翻修手術”，再次更換新的假體。?圖2膝關節(jié)人工關節(jié)假體3、什么是全膝關節(jié)置換？什么是單髁置換？有什么區(qū)別？????全膝關節(jié)置換術和單髁置換術與都是治療膝關節(jié)退變、炎癥、損傷導致的疼痛的絕佳手段，目前仍然是治療諸如骨性關節(jié)炎、類風濕性關節(jié)炎、創(chuàng)傷性關節(jié)炎等的“金標準”。但是，這兩種手術方式有其獨有的特點。????把膝關節(jié)比作房屋結構，人體的膝關節(jié)共有3個房間，分別是內側間室、外側間室和髕股間室。單髁置換術只處理1個有問題的房間，如內側或外側間室，而對于另外2個相對正常的間室保留原狀；而全膝置換術是處理所有的3個房間。????主刀醫(yī)生會根據(jù)患者的具體病情選擇做全膝置換或者單髁置換術，以及選用最合適的人工關節(jié)假體。?圖3全膝關節(jié)置換和單髁置換的區(qū)別?圖4全膝關節(jié)置換術前術后X線（站立位全長片和正側位）?圖5單髁置換術后X線（站立位全長片和正側位）4、做了手術多久以后可以走路？????一般而言，術后第一天會復查膝關節(jié)X線片，如無特殊情況可在醫(yī)生或護士的指導下下床活動。但要恢復到正常的步態(tài)或膝關節(jié)功能狀態(tài)，則需要一個系統(tǒng)規(guī)范的術后康復鍛煉過程，包括膝關節(jié)屈伸活動度鍛煉、下肢肌力鍛煉、踝泵動作等一系列簡單但是需要患者堅持進行的康復活動。?圖6術后第一天患者助行器輔助下步態(tài)訓練????如今溫州醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院按照浙江省醫(yī)療保障局要求，已全面執(zhí)行人工關節(jié)國家?guī)Я坎少徴?，假體費用下降約80%。從2023年開始，我院關節(jié)外科收治的關節(jié)置換患者都將能享受這一惠民政策。2024年07月18日1212
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曾紀洲主任醫(yī)師 北京潞河醫(yī)院 骨關節(jié)外科 膝關節(jié)冠狀面對線CPAK分類系統(tǒng)_不是所有的膝關節(jié)、全膝關節(jié)置換都是一樣的（2024）Notallkneesarethesame?MacDessiSJ,vandeGraafVA,WoodJA,Griffiths-JonesW,BellemansJ,ChenDB.Notallkneesarethesame[J].BoneJointJ,2024,106-B(6):525-531.?轉載文章的原鏈接1：https://pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov-443.vpnm.ccmu.edu.cn/38821506/?轉載文章的原鏈接2：https://boneandjoint.org.uk/Article/10.1302/0301-620X.106B6.BJJ-2023-1292.R1?AbstractTheaimofmechanicalalignmentintotalkneearthroplastyistoalignallkneesintoafixedneutralposition,eventhoughnotallkneesarethesame.Asaresult,mechanicalalignmentoftenaltersapatient’sconstitutionalalignmentandjointlineobliquity,resultinginsoft-tissueimbalance.ThisannotationprovidesanoverviewofhowtheCoronalPlaneAlignmentoftheKnee(CPAK)classificationcanbeusedtopredictimbalancewithmechanicalalignment,andthenofferspracticalguidanceforbonebalancing,minimizingtheneedforsoft-tissuereleases.全膝關節(jié)置換術中的機械對線的目的是將所有膝關節(jié)對線到一個固定的中立位置，盡管并非所有膝關節(jié)都相同。因此，機械對線通常會改變患者的固有對線和關節(jié)線傾斜度，導致軟組織失衡。本文概述了如何使用“膝關節(jié)冠狀面對線（CPAK）”分類來預測機械對線引起的失衡，并提供了實用的指導，以平衡骨骼，減少對軟組織釋放的需要。?IntroductionIrrespectiveofthealignmentstrategyusedwhenundertakingtotalkneearthroplasty(TKA),surgeonsmustcontendwiththefactthatnotallkneesarethesame.InmechanicallyalignedTKA,balancingisusuallyperformedfollowingcompletionofthebonycutsandassessmentofthelaxityofthesoft-tissues.1Thelong-standingapproachforachievingbalanced“gaps”hasbeenbyreleasingorlengtheningligamentousandcapsularstructures,therebyalteringtheirinherentphysiologicalfunction.1,2Withagreateracceptancethatligamentsdonotcontract,3andthatimbalanceresultsfromsurgicalalterationstothepatient’sconstitutionalalignment,4amorenuancedapproachwith“bonebalancing”hasbeensuggested.5Bonebalancingmodifiesthealignmentbybiasingbonyresectionstowardsamoreconstitutionalorientation,therebymaintainingtheirfunctionandreducingthenecessityforsoft-tissuereleases.BonebalancingusinganinitialmechanicalalignmentplanrepresentsoneendofthespectrumofTKAalignmentstrategies,withunrestrictedkinematicalignmentattheother.6-10Subtlechangesofalignmentupto3°fromaneutralmechanicalaxisareoftenenoughtoimproveimbalance,andstillconsideredsafeforsurgeonswhowanttomaintainalignmentwithinthismoretraditionalwindow.11,12Restoringtheknee’sconstitutionalalignmentismorelikelytoachievesoft-tissuebalancecomparedwithusingmechanicalalignmentforallpatients.13,14TheCoronalPlaneAlignmentoftheKnee(CPAK)classificationisawidelyadoptedandpragmaticsystemthatoffersaframeworktounderstandtherelationshipbetweenthenativelowerlimbalignmentandjointlineobliquity(JLO)tothesoft-tissuebalance.14CPAKdefinesninekneephenotypesbasedonconstitutionalalignmentoftheknee,incorporatingthearithmetichip-knee-ankleangle(aHKA)andthejointlineobliquity.Inthisinstructionalreview,weusetheCPAKclassificationtounderstandwhynotallkneesarethesameintermsofimbalancewhenperformingmechanicallyalignedTKA.EachCPAKtypewillbeintroducedbasedonitsprimaryradiologicalandmorphologicalcharacteristics.AlterationstoconstitutionalalignmentthatresultwhenperformingmechanicallyalignedTKAwillbepresentedforeachCPAKtype,alongwiththeanticipatedchallengeswithbalance.Formostsurgeonswhousemechanicalalignment,andforthosewhohavenowadoptedanindividualizedapproach,understandingtheseconceptsisimportantforappreciatingwhyalignmentmatters.?RadiologicalassessmentPreoperativelonglegimagingthatallowsforassessmentofthemechanicalaxisisobtainedusingplainradiographswithdigitalstitching,biplanarimagingorwhole-legCTimaging.Thelateraldistalfemoralangle(LDFA)ismeasuredasthelateralanglesubtendedbythemechanicalaxisofthefemurandthearticularlinetangentialtothedistalfemoralarticularsurface.Themedialproximaltibialangle(MPTA)ismeasuredasthemedialanglesubtendedbythemechanicalaxisofthetibiaandthearticularlinetangentialtotheproximaltibialarticularsurface(Figure1).Apartfromhighlightinglossofjointspace,shortradiographsofthekneeareofnovalueintheassessmentofconstitutionalalignment,andthereforeoftheindividual’skneephenotype.15,16??Fig.1Longlegstandingradiographsshowingthemechanicalaxesofthefemurandtibia.Therightkneeshowsmeasurementofconstitutionalalignmentinanarthritickneeusingthearithmetichip-knee-ankleangle(aHKA)algorithm.Theleftnormalkneeshowsmeasurementofthethemechanicalhip-knee-ankleangle(mHKA).LDFA,lateraldistalfemoralangle;MA,mechanicalaxis;MPTA,medialproximaltibialangle.??TheconstitutionalcoronalalignmentiscalculatedusingtheequationaHKA=MPTA–LDFA,andtheconstitutionaljointlineobliquity(JLO)usingtheequationJLO=MPTA+LDFA.TheboundariesforconstitutionalalignmentofthelowerlimbusingtheaHKAarevarus<-2°,neutral-2°to+2°inclusive,andvalgus>2°.TheboundariesforconstitutionalJLOareapexdistal<177°,neutral177°to183°,andapexproximal>183°.TheCPAKtypeisthendeterminedbasedontheseboundaries(Figure2).??Fig.2TheCoronalPlaneAlignmentoftheKnee(CPAK)classificationwithboundaries.aHKA,arithmetichip-knee-ankle;JLO,jointlineobliquity.??DatafrompreviousstudiessupportthedescriptionsofeachCPAKtypediscussedhere.Alignmentcharacteristicsarederivedfromasampleof500kneesin250healthyadults,agedbetween20and27years(SupplementaryTablei);13soft-tissuelaxitydataarederivedfromasampleof137kneescomparingbalancebetweendifferentalignmentstrategies(SupplementaryTableii);17andloadsensordataarederivedfromasampleof138kneescomparingcompartmentalloadsbetweenalignmentstrategies(SupplementaryTableiii).4Inthisannotation,onlyCPAKTypesItoVIarediscussed,asmanyauthorshaveshownthatTypesVIItoIXarerareinthegeneralpopulation.14,18-23FortheLDFAandMPTA,wecharacterizeorientationas“neutral”if≤1°from90°;“mild”if>1°and≤2°from90°;“moderate”if>2°and≤4°from90°;and“significant”if>4°from90°.DescriptiveradiologicalmeasurementsandschematicphenotypictraitsarepresentedforeachCPAKtypeandforchangestoJLO.Alterationsinconstitutionalalignment,nativefemoraljointlineanatomy,lateralfemoralcolumnlength,andtheirsequelaearesummarizedinTableI.??TableI.TheimplicationsofmechanicalalignmentbasedonCoronalPlaneAlignmentoftheKneetype.CPAK,CoronalPlaneAlignmentoftheKnee;MA,mechanicalalignment;N/A,notapplicable.??CPAKTypeIThekneesin133ofthesampleofhealthyindividuals(26.6%)wereCPAKTypeI.ThisisthemostprevalentphenotypeinAsianandIndianpatientsundergoingTKA,andisthemostcommonvarusphenotypeglobally.18,19,23Thistypeischaracterizedbysignificantproximaltibialvarusandmilddistalfemoralvalgus,resultinginavarusaHKAandanapexdistalJLO.TheimplicationsformechanicalalignmentareshowninFigure3a.MehanicalalignmentwithCPAKTypeIkneesresultsinconsiderabletightnessoftheMCLduetotheshiftinaHKAfromvarustoneutral.Asthemagnitudeofchangeincreases,sodoesthelikelihoodoflateralcondylarlift-off,asignalofmajorimbalance.TheMCListightinbothextensionandflexion.Commonly,surgeonspartiallyorcompletelyreleasetheMCLinanattempttoachievebalance,butsecondaryincompetenceoftheMCLmayresultfromreleasingthiscriticalstructure.Alterationofconstitutionalvarustoneutralwillincreasethelengthoftheleg,andincreasetheneedforathickerpolyethyleneinserttocompensatefortheartificialincreaseinmedialgapheight.24AstheprimarycharacteristicofTypeIistibialvarus,avarustibialrecutwithmechanicalalignmentmayberequiredtoachievebalanceinbothextensionandflexion.??Fig.3Illustrationofsoft-tissueimbalanceinCoronalPlaneAlignmentoftheKnee(CPAK)TypesItoVI,showinghowmechanicalalignment(MA)altersconstitutionalalignmentandjointlineobliquity.a)MAwithCPAKTypeI.Theredwedgehighlightssignificanttibialvarus,andtheredarrowindicateselevationofthemedialjointline.b)MAwithCPAKTypeII.Thegreenwedgeshighlightmoderatefemoralvalgusandmoderatetibialvarus.Theredarrowindicateselevationofthemedialjointline,andtheorangearrowindicatesdistalizationofthelateralfemoralcolumn.c)MAwithCPAKTypeIII.Theredwedgeshighlightssignificantfemoralvalgus,andtheorangearrowindicatesdistalizationofthelateralfemoralcolumn.d)MAwithCPAKTypeIV.Thegreenwedgeindicatesmoderatetibialvarus.Theredarrowhighlightselevationofthemedialjointline.e)MAwithCPAKTypeV.f)MAwithCPAKTypeVI.Thegreenwedgehighlightsmoderatefemoralvalgusandtheorangearrowindicatesdistalizationofthelateralfemoralcolumn.aHKA,arithmetichip-knee-ankleangle;JLO,jointlineobliquity.??CPAKTypeIIThekneesof205ofthehealthyindividuals(41.0%)wereCPAKTypeII.Thisisthemostcommonkneephenotypeglobally.14,22Thistypeischaracterizedbymoderateproximaltibialvarusandmoderatedistalfemoralvalgus,resultinginaneutralaHKAandanapexdistalJLO.TheimplicationsformechanicalalignmentareshowninFigure3b.MechanicallyalignedTKAspecificallyaddressesCPAKTypeIIphenotypiccharacteristics.Asneutralconstitutionalalignmentismaintained,soft-tissuebalanceinextensionisusuallynotaltered.Furthermore,byapplyingexternalrotationtothefemoralcomponent,imbalanceinflexionisunlikely.The“anatomicalalignment”methodattemptedtoreplicateTypeIIbyrecreatinganapexdistalJLO,25butimprecisecuttingguidesresultedinthistechniquebeingabandoned.ThefollowingkinematicalterationsrequireconsiderationinCPAKTypeII.Thenativefemoraljointlineisraisedmediallythroughoutthearcofmotion,apotentialcauseofmid-flexioninstability.26Thelateralfemoralcolumnislengthened(distalized)inextensionandflexion.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthismayleadtoincreasedpatellofemoralretinaculartightnessinflexionbylateraldistalfemoralprostheticoverstuffing,27particularlyinkneeswithveryobliquejointlinessuchasthoseof≤170°.Theneedforsoft-tissuebalancingwithCPAKTypeIIisminimal.?CPAKTypeIIIThekneesof47ofthehealthyindividuals(9.4%)wereCPAKTypeIII.Thistypeisthemostcommonvalgusphenotypeandischaracterizedbyconsiderabledistalfemoralvalgusandmildproximaltibialvarus,resultinginavalgusaHKAandapexdistalJLO.TheimplicationsformechanicalalignmentareshowninFigure3c.Imbalancewithmechanicalalignmentoccursinextensionandtoalesserextentinflexion,astheaHKAisshiftedfromvalgustoneutral.Thedegreeoflateraltightnessisdependentontwovariables:themagnitudeofaHKArelativetothechangeprescribedbymechanicalalignment;andthevariabilityinconstitutionallaxityofthelateralsiderelativetomediallaxity.Inmanyknees,increasedconstitutionallaterallaxity,whichisfurtherincreasedafterresectionofthecruciateligaments,28–30cancompensateforthisshiftinaHKAandreducetheneedforlateralbalancing.However,inourexperience,whenpatientshaveanaHKAof≥5°,soft-tissueimbalanceinevitablyresults.AstheprimarycharacteristicofCPAKTypeIIIissignificantfemoralvalgus,adistalfemoralvalgusrecutmayberequiredtoachievebalanceinextension.?CPAKTypeIVThekneesof21ofthehealthyindividuals(4.2%)wereCPAKTypeIV,whichisararervarusphenotype,characterizedbymoderateproximaltibialvarusandmilddistalfemoralvarus,resultinginavarusaHKAandneutralJLO.TheimplicationsformechanicalalignmentareshowninFigure3d.AswithTypeI,therewillbeMCLtightnessinCPAKTypeIVwithmechanicallyalignedTKA.However,thistightnessismoreprominentinextensionthanflexion.14AsthemajoranatomicalcharacteristicinCPAKTypeIVistibialvarus,avarustibialrecutmayberequiredtorestorebalanceinbothextensionandflexion,althoughanadditionalvarusfemoralrecutcanbeconsidered.?CPAKTypeVThekneesof77ofthehealthyindividuals(15.4%)wereCPAKTypeV,whichisthetargetinmechanicallyalignedTKA.Thistypeischaracterizedbyneutraldistalfemoralandneutralproximaltibialanatomy,resultinginaneutralaHKAandneutralJLO.TheimplicationsformechanicalalignmentareshowninFigure3e.NobalancinginterventionsareusuallynecessaryforCPAKTypeVwithmechanicalalignment.However,unlikeCPAKTypeIIknees,thetibialjointlineisnotchanged,andsurgeonsshouldevaluatewhethertheroutine3°externalrotationofthefemoralcomponentisneeded.?CPAKTypeVIThekneesof16ofthehealthyindividuals(3.2%)wereCPAKTypeVI.Thistypemakesupapproximatelyone-quarterofallvalgusknees,andischaracterizedbymoderatedistalfemoralvalgusandmildproximaltibialvalgus,resultinginavalgusaHKAandneutralJLO.TheimplicationsformechanicalalignmentareshowninFigure3f.ComparedwithCPAKTypeIII,constitutionalvalgusiscontributedtobyfemoralvalgusand,toalesserextent,tibialvalgus.Thisresultsinaneutraljointlineobliquity.Soft-tissueimbalanceismostpronouncedinextension.14AsthemaincharacteristicofTypeVIisfemoralvalgus,avalgusfemoralrecutmayberequiredifthereismarkedlateraltightnessinextension.Ifthereremainssomeimbalance,orwhenfemoralrecutsarepreferablyavoided,areleaseoftheposterolateralcapsular(arcuate)complex,withorwithouttheposteriorbandoftheiliotibialband,maybeconsidered.31?DiscussionThisinstructionalannotationpresentsamethod,basedonconstitutionalalignment,forunderstandingandpredictingthesoft-tissueimbalancethatoftenresultswhenundertakingmechanicallyalignedTKA.Itprovidesclear,alignment-drivenreasoningbasedondeviationstocommonCPAKphenotypes.Imbalancesaremostprofoundinconstitutionalvarusknees,TypesIandIV.However,constitutionalvalgusknees,TypesIIIandVI,alsopresentintraoperativechallenges.Theabilitytounderstandthelikelihoodofencounteringimbalancepriorto,andduring,surgeryisempowering.Theconceptscanalsobeusedbythosewhouseagap-balancingapproachwithconventionalcuttingguides,astheystreamlinetheworkflowofbothtibial-andfemoral-basedtechniques.Mostimportantly,notallkneesarethesame,andtherewillbemuchvariationbetweenindividuals,evenwithineachCPAKtype.Thus,onepatientwithaTypeIIkneemayhaveaLDFAof88°andMPTAof88°,anothermayhaveaLDFAof84°andMPTAof83°.Treatingbothkneeswiththesamemechanicallyalignedresectionsislikelytobringaboutdifferentkinematicresults.Or,whenapatientwithaTypeIkneewithanaHKAof-3°mayonlyrequirea2°varusrecutinordertoobtainabalancedknee,another,alsowithaTypeIknee,butanaHKAof-7°,isunlikelytobebalancedwithasmallvaruscorrectionfrommechanicalalignment.Furthermore,CPAKisaclassificationsystemtodescribephenotypesandisnotgranularenoughtoprovideacomprehensivebreakdownofhowbalancingshouldbeexecutedwhenperformingmechanicallyalignedTKA.Furthermore,itisnotonlytheconstitutionalalignmentbutalsotheconstitutionallaxitythatdeterminesthebalanceofaTKA.Nativelaxitiesarehighlyvariableinboththecoronal(extensionandflexion)andsagittalplanes.32-35Thus,akneecanhaveitsconstitutionalalignmentperfectlyrestored,asinunrestrictedkinematicalignment,butstillhaveunbalancedgaps.17,36TargetingbalancedcoronalandsagittalgapsremainsamajorgoalinTKAandisthecornerstoneofthefunctionalalignmenttechnique.17,36,37However,theoptimalbalance,includingwhetherrectangularortrapezoidalconstitutionalgapsshouldbethenewtarget,remainspoorlydefined.Surgeonsmustcontinuetousetheirclinicalacumentoassesseachkneeonitsmerits,applyingtheknowledgeofoutcomesdeterminedbyphenotype,tooptimizealignmentandbalance.Conventionalcuttingguideswithmechanicalalignmenthavealsobeenreportedtohaveprecisionerrorsof>3°in30%ofcases,38withhalfofthosecasespotentiallydeviatingintomorethan3°varus(15%)andhalfintomorethan3°valgus(another15%).Forexample,ifasurgeonaimingformechanicalalignmentusingconventionalinstrumentsunintentionallyalterstheHKAofakneethathas5°ofconstitutionalvarusto≥4°ofmechanicalvalgus,thiscouldresultinaprofoundchangeinalignmentof9°,thetypeofsituationthatcouldoccurin1in6(15%)ofmechanicallyalignedTKAsundertakenusingconventionalcuttingguides.SeveretightnessoftheMCLwillresultinlateralcondylarlift-off.TheonlywaytocorrectthisimbalanceistoreleasetheMCLfromitstibialinsertion.Thiswillresultinanincreaseinbothmedialflexionandextensiongaps,thesubsequentneedforathickerpolyethyleneinsert,andaneteffectoflengtheningthelimb.24CorrectiontowardsamorevarusphenotypeispreferredtoacompletereleaseoftheMCL.Theinherentlimitationsofconventionalcuttingguidesarethattheydonotallowquantificationorvalidationoftheanglesofresectionorthefinalalignmentofthelimb.Aswegraduallyshifttowardsmorepersonalizedoperationsforourpatients,itishopedthatthisannotationwillencouragesurgeonstoconsidereachpatient’suniqueCPAKtype.This,inpart,maymaketheoutcomesofTKAmorepredictable,reducingtheneedforsoft-tissuereleaseswhileusingadjustmentsinalignmenttorestorethenativebalanceoftheknee.?Takehomemessage-Inthisreview,theCoronalPlaneAlignmentoftheKnee(CPAK)classificationisusedtoenhanceourunderstandingofwhynotallkneesarethesamewhenconsideringsoft-tissueimbalanceinmechanicallyalignedtotalkneearthroplasty.-Bonebalancinginterventionsbasedonanunderstandingofeachpatient’suniqueCPAKtypecanbeusedtoavoidunnecessarysoft-tissuereleases.-Theseconceptsmaybeconsideredbysurgeonsinterestedinamoreindividualizedalignmentstrategy,insteadofafixedmechanicalalignmenttargetforallpatients.在本綜述中，采用“膝關節(jié)冠狀面排列（CPAK）”分類來增強我們對在機械對線全膝關節(jié)置換術中考慮軟組織失衡時為何并非所有膝關節(jié)都相同的理解?；趯γ课换颊擢毺谻PAK類型的理解，可以實施骨平衡干預措施，以避免不必要的軟組織釋放。這些概念可能對有興趣采用更個性化對齊策略的外科醫(yī)生有所幫助，而不是為所有患者設定固定的機械對線目標。2024年07月02日269
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孫勝副主任醫(yī)師 北京朝陽醫(yī)院石景山院區(qū) 骨科 單髁置換UKA的適應癥從初級階段的UKA到現(xiàn)在，UKA的適應癥一直在擴大，禁忌癥越來越少。以前認為年齡、肥胖、髕股關節(jié)損傷等都屬于UKA的禁忌癥。隨著科學技術的發(fā)展，UKA材料和設計不斷改進，目前公認的UKA最佳適應癥包括：1、前內側骨關節(jié)炎（AMOA），股骨內側髁或脛骨內側平臺骨壞死2、前交叉韌帶ACL完好、內側副韌帶MCL功能完好3、外側軟骨正?；蜉p微退4、內翻畸形<15°，屈膝畸形<15°，膝關節(jié)可主動屈曲≥90°UKA的禁忌癥目前對于UKA的禁忌癥，多數(shù)并沒有科學試驗數(shù)據(jù)的直接依據(jù)，而只是絕大多數(shù)專家學者根據(jù)臨床經(jīng)驗做出的符合一般規(guī)律的推斷。主要包括：1、ACL、MCL缺失或嚴重損傷2、關節(jié)內畸形不能被手動矯正3、屈膝畸形>15°，麻醉下膝關節(jié)被動屈曲<100°4、外側間室軟骨缺損5、炎癥性關節(jié)炎（類風濕性關節(jié)炎、化膿性關節(jié)炎、色絨炎等）2024年05月19日424
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孫勝副主任醫(yī)師 北京朝陽醫(yī)院石景山院區(qū) 骨科 單間室膝關節(jié)置換出現(xiàn)于20世紀50年代，在當時處于初級階段的UKA，因假體材料、設計、技術等客觀原因的制約，UKA適應癥很窄而禁忌癥很廣。目前臨床臨床上應用的UKA假體主要有活動平臺（MB）和固定平臺（FB）兩種。1、MB-UKAMB-UKA?可使膝關節(jié)的運動更接近自然生物力學且磨損率低，但易發(fā)生墊片脫位及假體撞擊等并發(fā)癥。襯墊脫位與內側副韌帶碰撞目前MB-UKA的主要代表是Oxford牛津單髁假體，MB-UKA可以使膝關節(jié)的運動更近似于正常的人體膝關節(jié)，減少脛股關節(jié)面的接觸應力，降低墊片的磨損。實現(xiàn)MB-UKA更佳生物力學表現(xiàn)的前提是假體的精準置入，故對術者的手術技術要求更高，學習曲線更長，且存在一定的墊片脫位發(fā)生率。2、FB-UKAFB-UKA較穩(wěn)定，無脫位風險，并發(fā)癥少但磨損率高。FB-UKA主要有ZUK假體和LinkSled假體，手術技術相對簡單，精準度要求相對低，但由于固定平臺的假體設計限制了負荷分散效能，活動時關節(jié)面的受力不能完全均勻分配，導致假體邊緣負荷過重，可能會增加聚乙烯墊片下表面磨損的發(fā)生，故更適合于一些韌帶松弛及活動量要求低的患肢。目前國內外文獻對兩者的孰優(yōu)孰劣尚未形成統(tǒng)一標準。2024年05月19日310
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羅益濱副主任醫(yī)師 東部戰(zhàn)區(qū)總醫(yī)院 骨科 很多親愛的患者咨詢我，膝關節(jié)退變，藥物治療效果不理想，已經(jīng)到了關節(jié)置換的程度，但是不知道做單髁置換術（UKA）還是全膝關節(jié)置換（TKA）。其實，能回答這個問題的專業(yè)醫(yī)師都很少，患者來說，不清楚怎么選擇是很正常的。膝關節(jié)外傷、感染、老化等原因導致關節(jié)疼痛，正規(guī)的治療需要進行以下幾個階梯，一般不能馬上選擇開刀。以下四個步驟是目前最權威的治療方案：基礎治療，藥物治療，修復性治療，重建治療，分別對應不同病情階段的關節(jié)炎患者。也就是說，癥狀輕中度的，都不需要置換關節(jié)，到了終末期的膝關節(jié)炎，可以選擇關節(jié)鏡或者關節(jié)置換的治療方案。其中關節(jié)置換針對的是所有其他方法都不奏效的患者。那么，什么是單髁置換術呢。單髁是對應全膝置換而言的“相對微創(chuàng)”的手術，對于膝關節(jié)單側癥狀的，且符合適應證的患者，推薦選擇單髁置換術（具體適應癥比較專業(yè)，患者有興趣的可以咨詢您的醫(yī)生，不再贅述）。單髁置換術相對來說，可以保留更多的骨量（手術截取的骨頭少），所以，中年左右的、活動量大的患者可以考慮單髁置換術。單髁置換術涉及的專業(yè)知識較多，選擇合適的假體、選擇固定平臺還是活動平臺，都是需要仔細考慮的問題。作為一種保膝的手段，單髁置換術的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和病死率相對全膝置換低。但是需要注意的是，單髁置換術不宜擴大適應癥，否則會帶來災難性的后果，不僅不能緩解患者的疼痛，反而增加了費用和翻修的風險。全膝關節(jié)置換術幾乎是關節(jié)炎的最終治療方法。對其他干預措施都無效的患者，無奈之下只能選擇做全膝關節(jié)置換術。糾結于選擇單髁還是全膝置換，不能建立在是不是微創(chuàng)的角度上片面解釋，解決問題才是最重要的，各種手術都有自己的優(yōu)點和局限性。絕不能搜點資料就對號入座。術式的選擇，這中間的評估過程比較復雜，建議咨詢關節(jié)外科的專業(yè)醫(yī)師。本人熱忱歡迎廣大患者來咨詢關于關節(jié)置換的選擇問題，希望為您解答疑惑。2024年05月06日151
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2024年04月29日820
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吳志偉主任醫(yī)師 廈門大學附屬第一醫(yī)院 骨科 單間室膝關節(jié)置換出現(xiàn)于20世紀50年代，在當時處于初級階段的UKA，因假體材料、設計、技術等客觀原因的制約，UKA適應癥很窄而禁忌癥很廣。近年來，隨著微創(chuàng)外科技術的發(fā)展和保膝理念的盛行，單髁置換術（UKA）在國內逐漸開始流行。?隨著科學技術的發(fā)展，UKA假體材料及設計得到不斷改進，更多優(yōu)質的假體類型不斷涌現(xiàn)。?目前臨床臨床上應用的UKA假體主要有活動平臺（MB）和固定平臺（FB）兩種。1、MB-UKAMB-UKA?可使膝關節(jié)的運動更接近自然生物力學且磨損率低，但易發(fā)生墊片脫位及假體撞擊等并發(fā)癥。目前MB-UKA的主要代表是Oxford牛津單髁假體，MB-UKA可以使膝關節(jié)的運動更近似于正常的人體膝關節(jié)，減少脛股關節(jié)面的接觸應力，降低墊片的磨損。?實現(xiàn)MB-UKA更佳生物力學表現(xiàn)的前提是假體的精準置入，故對術者的手術技術要求更高，學習曲線更長，且存在一定的墊片脫位發(fā)生率。2、FB-UKAFB-UKA較穩(wěn)定，無脫位風險，并發(fā)癥少但磨損率高。FB-UKA主要有ZUK假體和LinkSled假體，手術技術相對簡單，精準度要求相對低，但由于固定平臺的假體設計限制了負荷分散效能，活動時關節(jié)面的受力不能完全均勻分配，導致假體邊緣負荷過重，可能會增加聚乙烯墊片下表面磨損的發(fā)生，故更適合于一些韌帶松弛及活動量要求低的患肢。目前國內外文獻對兩者的孰優(yōu)孰劣尚未形成統(tǒng)一標準。UKA的適應癥從初級階段的UKA到現(xiàn)在，UKA的適應癥一直在擴大，禁忌癥越來越少。以前認為年齡、肥胖、髕股關節(jié)損傷等都屬于UKA的禁忌癥。隨著科學技術的發(fā)展，UKA材料和設計不斷改進，UKA經(jīng)歷了從實踐到認識、認識又反作用于實踐的前進的、上升的發(fā)展后，社會存在決定社會意識，目前公認的UKA最佳適應癥包括：1、前內側骨關節(jié)炎（AMOA），股骨內側髁或脛骨內側平臺骨壞死2、ACL?完好、MCL功能完好3、外側軟骨正?；蜉p微退變4、內翻畸形<15°，屈膝畸形<15°，膝關節(jié)可主動屈曲≥90°UKA的禁忌癥?目前對于UKA的禁忌癥，多數(shù)并沒有科學試驗數(shù)據(jù)的直接依據(jù)，而只是絕大多數(shù)專家學者根據(jù)臨床經(jīng)驗做出的符合一般規(guī)律的推斷。主要包括：1、ACL、MCL?缺失或嚴重損傷2、關節(jié)內畸形不能被手動矯正3、屈膝畸形>15°，麻醉下膝關節(jié)被動屈曲<100°4、外側間室軟骨缺損5、炎癥性關節(jié)炎（類風濕性關節(jié)炎、化膿性關節(jié)炎、色絨炎等）?特殊情況在一些文獻中，還可以看到涉及單髁置換術的聯(lián)合或復雜手術的病例：1、UKA+ACL重建2、UKA+HTO3、髕股關節(jié)和內側單髁置換術4、雙室置換小結?這些病例提醒著我們，適應癥與禁忌癥在某些條件下可以轉變。針對不同病人，具體問題具體分析，為患者提供更具個性化的治療方案。2024年03月16日112
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陳果副主任醫(yī)師 四川省骨科醫(yī)院 髖膝關節(jié)病科 ??髖關節(jié)置換術中時間大約1小時，膝關節(jié)置換術中時間大約1小時多一點。??手術全麻，術中一般都不需要插尿管，術前血紅蛋白在120g/L及以上的患者，一般都不需要輸血。??對于95%以上的病人，都是今天做手術，第二天就可以在助行器輔助下完全負重下地行走，建議助行器用4周。??目前國家對髖膝關節(jié)置換的假體進行了帶量采購(集采)，髖膝關節(jié)總費用均是3萬5左右(老年患者，合并癥多的患者，圍術期長了大血栓的患者，復雜病例等，住院總費用可能增加)，患者入院時墊付2萬，入院后第二天到一樓醫(yī)保辦刷社?？?，出院辦理結算時多退少補。??與髖關節(jié)置換相比，膝關節(jié)置換術后的鍛煉更加辛苦，病人及家屬要提前有思想建設。2024年02月19日792
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燕太強主任醫(yī)師 北京大學第一醫(yī)院 骨科（骨腫瘤） 腫瘤型人工關節(jié)置換術后翻修北京大學第一醫(yī)院骨腫瘤科燕太強2024.2.16腫瘤型人工關節(jié)假體重建可恢復肢體骨骼的連續(xù)性并有較好的關節(jié)功能，在肢體腫瘤切除后大段骨缺損重建中的優(yōu)勢毋庸置疑。最常見的部位，如股骨遠端和脛骨近端假體的20年和15年生存率也分別達到68%和70%。盡管假體設計和材料不斷改進，但術后仍不可避免地出現(xiàn)諸多機械性和/或非機械性并發(fā)癥。國際保肢學會(ISOLS)和Henderson等學者推薦將腫瘤型假體失敗分為五型：I型：軟組織失?。‰鞌嗔押图袤w不穩(wěn)定、傷口無菌性延遲愈合）II型：無菌性松動III型：機械性失?。袤w折斷及假體周圍骨折等）IV型：假體周圍感染(Periprostheticjointinfection,PJI)V型：腫瘤局部復發(fā)還有文獻中將兒童假體置換后肢體不等長超過2cm定為VI型。目前肢體惡性腫瘤保肢早已成主流，且腫瘤假體是最常用的重建方法。隨著時間的延長，綜合治療使得越來越多的惡性腫瘤患者得以治愈，假體可能出現(xiàn)上述并發(fā)癥的幾率也大大增加，以II型（假體松動）和IV型（假體感染）為最多見。在臨床實踐過程中，我們團隊對假體翻修也積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗，提出來新的理念并創(chuàng)新了治療手段，假體翻修已成為我們團隊的一大臨床特色。第一篇從假體感染翻修開始分享，旨在更好地預防和處理腫瘤假體感染。第一篇腫瘤假體感染翻修1、前言假體感染為假體置換后災難性并發(fā)癥，患肢要求長期制動，自主活動受限，連續(xù)幾周或月余的靜脈抗生素滴注，輔助治療延遲。不但給患者身心造成創(chuàng)傷，也加大了患者和社會醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟負擔。普通髖、膝關節(jié)置換術后的假體感染發(fā)生率為0.5%～2%，而腫瘤假體術后感染率為5%~25%，同時感染也是最終導致保肢失敗或截肢（20%）的主要原因。一項包含230例惡性骨腫瘤患者的針對腫瘤假體的長期隨訪研究，平均隨訪29.4（25～43）年，假體感染的風險每年維持在1%左右的增長速度，五年的感染率為10%，十年為16%，20年為22%以及30年為27%的感染率。感染的假體需要再次手術治療的次數(shù)平均為4.6次（2～11次），而未感染的假體為2.1（1～9）次。最常見的感染部位為脛骨近端假體(43.3%)，其次為股骨近端（26.9%）和股骨遠端（22.5%），肱骨近端罕見。2、假體感染的分類和診斷根據(jù)手術和感染診斷的間隔時間長短，PJI分為三類：①早期感染，發(fā)生于術后3個月內；②延遲感染，發(fā)生于術后3～24個月；③晚期感染，發(fā)生于術后24個月后。腫瘤假體周圍感染沒有特定的診斷標準，其診斷需結合病史、體格檢查、血清學以及微生物學結果綜合分析得出。當患者符合下列條件之一，可診斷腫瘤型假體周圍感染：①形成明確通向假體的竇道或假體外露；②關節(jié)腔內穿刺出膿性物質；③微生物培養(yǎng)陽性，或雖然微生物培養(yǎng)陰性但存在明確的臨床癥狀；④術中快速冰凍病理顯示每高倍鏡視野下平均中性粒細胞計數(shù)大于10個。在臨床工作中，有些患者盡管未能符合以上診斷標準，但仍可能存在腫瘤型假體周圍感染，此時需要臨床醫(yī)師結合相關檢查和臨床癥狀做出評估。比如復查X光片時仔細檢查平片圖像以確定假體周圍有無新產生的透光帶，這可能是慢性PJI的標志。3、致病菌種類和抗生素應用策略假體周圍感染關節(jié)液的微生物培養(yǎng)和藥敏試驗結果對于診斷以及指導治療至關重要，病原菌的明確可以指導臨床使用敏感的抗生素。腫瘤型假體周圍感染的病原菌譜復雜，在以往，導致PJI最常見的微生物是凝固酶陰性葡萄球菌和金黃色葡萄球菌（60%～80%），近年來革蘭陰性菌如大腸埃希菌及真菌如念珠菌等導致的假體周圍感染有所增加，與葡萄球菌導致的假體周圍感染相比，在臨床特征及診治上存在較大差異，容易漏診，是治療效果不佳的主要原因。當懷疑為非典型病原菌如革蘭陰性菌或真菌感染時，應選用合適的培養(yǎng)基，并延長培養(yǎng)2～3周以明確病原菌。二代測序是一種新興的實驗室診斷技術，可以快速識別給定樣本中的所有核酸序列，通過將這些序列與現(xiàn)有的微生物數(shù)據(jù)庫中包含的病原體序列進行匹配，從而明確致病菌。二代測序不但可以檢測出與細菌培養(yǎng)結果相一致的病原體，還能發(fā)現(xiàn)部分細菌培養(yǎng)無法得到的致病菌，極大地提高了PJI細菌的檢出率。4、PJI的治療治療主要包括保留假體清創(chuàng)術、Ⅰ期翻修、Ⅱ期翻修以及截肢。保留假體清除術成功率低，適應證要求非常嚴格，文獻中也缺乏足夠的證據(jù)證明對于腫瘤假體感染控制的有效性，僅適用于早期血源性感染或初次假體置換30天以內、鑒定出明確的致病菌和敏感抗生素、感染癥狀持續(xù)時間小于3周，假體固定良好，軟組織條件較好的患者。I期翻修是指取出所有異物、清創(chuàng)，同時重新植入新假體。這一手術的成功率同樣低于50%，一般較少采用。可能的手術適應證包括：感染癥狀或體征持續(xù)時間超過3周；具有充足的骨量；相對較好的軟組織條件；病人不能耐受兩次手術；對抗生素敏感的細菌感染；術后傷口可以一期閉合。Ⅱ期翻修目前仍然是PJI治療的金標準，感染的根除率可超過90%。一期去除所有異物，并對可能的感染組織和骨骼進行徹底清創(chuàng)，然后植入抗生素骨水泥spacer，并給予抗生素靜脈或口服治療，待感染控制后，二期再行新假體植入。II期翻修的不足之處在于分期手術及其較長的間隔期會導致相關并發(fā)癥，增加住院時間、醫(yī)療費用以及死亡風險。置入抗生素骨水泥占位器后6～8周的連續(xù)隨訪沒有感染跡象，提示局部感染控制，可以計劃重新植入假體。國內一般相對保守，3-6個月后再考慮植入假體的居多。截肢應是最后考慮的選擇，多見脛骨近端假體感染。骨水泥Spacer植入仍難以控制感染，或伴有進行性加重的敗血癥體征、耐藥菌感染、廣泛的骨溶解和軟組織條件極差、患者不愿接受多次手術時，可以考慮截肢。5、我們團隊的治療經(jīng)驗和創(chuàng)新發(fā)明臨床上碰到假體感染的患者，幾乎所有患者已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了長時間的制動和抗生素治療，大部分患者傷口部位出現(xiàn)一處竇道或不止一處。首先患者心理建設很重要，要正確面對假體感染的事實，單純使用抗生素挽救假體的可能性為零，一味地拖下去也只能增加耐藥細菌的產生，骨質的丟失和軟組織條件變差，還是建議盡快進行假體的取出，骨水泥Spacer置入，等待感染控制進行II期翻修。同時給患者展示既往患者治療的過程和成功的經(jīng)驗，增加患者接受治療的信心。II期翻修的第一步為取出感染假體，徹底清創(chuàng)，進行骨水泥Spacer的植入。骨水泥Spacer的制作既往是使用兩枚髓內針分別插入股骨和脛骨髓腔，兩枚髓內針使用鋼絲捆綁后使用骨水泥包裹，制作“鋼筋水泥”形式的骨水泥Spacer（如病例1，圖B-F）。這種方法術中操作相對比較復雜，費時較長，還有可能出現(xiàn)膝關節(jié)的超伸，骨水泥固定前需特別注意下肢力線，術后患者行走需要加用外固定支具。針對這種方法的不足之處，我們創(chuàng)新設計了新的組配式骨水泥間隔器（圖），并獲得了實用新型發(fā)明專利（圖），更加實用、方便、膝關節(jié)穩(wěn)定、下肢力線保持、效果可靠，有利于進一步推廣使用。根據(jù)術中感染組織培養(yǎng)結果，選擇敏感性抗生素靜脈輸用3周，隨后利福平加敏感抗生素口服3-6個月。II期翻修使用的假體為達到良好的軟組織覆蓋，選擇可能比原假體小的假體型號，將假體固定柄加長加粗。6、腫瘤假體感染預防這可能是大家更關心的問題。誠然，并不是每一個接受腫瘤假體置換的患者都會出現(xiàn)假體感染，正確的措施來預防假體感染就顯得非常重要了。首先，在接受假體置換前，接受化療的患者一定要在化療結束后2周左右才考慮手術，正常血象不是靠升白針或促紅素、巨和粒等刺激起來的，需要自身的骨髓造血功能確實已經(jīng)恢復到接近正常，這樣身體的免疫力才能維持。第二，檢查是否存在牙齦炎/齲齒、皮膚癤/癰、甲溝炎或肛周膿腫等明顯感染源。如果存在，在接受手術前一定要先把感染灶消除后再考慮手術。第三、食欲和飲食正常，保證可以滿足充分的蛋白質攝入和平衡營養(yǎng)。第四、洗澡，全身皮膚保持清潔。第五、皮膚切口部位不應該有尚未愈合的挫傷、或皮膚破潰、感染。第六、如果腫瘤侵犯皮膚出現(xiàn)潰爛或放療后腫瘤復發(fā)，皮膚瘢痕，彈性差，需要術前告知這種情況假體置換感染的風險增大。第七、如果上述任何一條都不存在，假體置換手術順利，在日后的使用過程中也需要盡量避免感冒、不潔食物引起胃腸炎的發(fā)生、外傷皮膚損傷等。如果出現(xiàn)盡早處理。第八、很多情況下假體感染是找不到確切原因的，如果假體周圍不明原因出現(xiàn)紅腫熱痛，要及時就診，早期的病原菌診斷，選擇敏感抗生素，如果你足夠幸運，是有可能保留住假體，避免二次手術的！第九、如果傷口周圍竇道已經(jīng)形成，則建議盡早行骨水泥Spacer曠置術，預防長期使用抗生素增加耐藥菌的產生以及假體周圍骨質進一步丟失。7、典型病例：病例（1）翻修男性，26歲，左股骨遠端肉瘤瘤段截除、假體重建術后10年，間斷發(fā)熱，竇道流膿（A），行清創(chuàng)、取出假體，骨水泥Spacer置入（B、C、D），術后12個月的傷口照片（E）。術后兩年骨水泥Spacer（F）及重新置換新假體（G）。病例（2）男性，33歲，多發(fā)骨軟骨瘤病，右脛骨近端骨軟骨瘤惡變?yōu)檐浌侨饬?，在外院行脛骨近端假體置換術后1年假體感染，竇道形成，伴股骨遠端腫瘤復發(fā)（A，B）。清創(chuàng)及抗生素治療半年后感染無法控制，外院建議截肢。我們成功將感染假體取出，切除腫瘤，并將復發(fā)腫瘤切除，使用新型骨水泥間隔器。術后換藥傷口干燥（C），一個月后患者傷口愈合良好（D），不扶拐行走，術后X線片（E）及行走視頻病例（3）男性，22歲，右股骨近端骨肉瘤術后2年，假體外露，流膿（A），行清創(chuàng)、假體取出、骨水泥Spacer置入術（B），傷口愈合，扶拐行走。病例（4）4）、男性，61歲，右骨盆II區(qū)未分化肉瘤切除、假體重建（A），術后2年出現(xiàn)傷口竇道、流膿（B），行清創(chuàng)、取出假體，骨水泥Spacer置入（C），現(xiàn)已術后6年，患者可以扶單拐行走，未再次置換新假體。2024年02月17日1227
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